Physical science Chapter 2 and 3 Flashcards
Solid
Definite volume and shape
How do you describe the Baha’i or of a solids particles
Fixed closely packed arrangement of particles that vibrate in place
Solids that are made up of crystals and melt at distinct temperatures
Crystalline solids
Solid in which particles are not arranged in a regular pattern and do not melt at distinct temperatures
Amorphous solid
Matter with definite volume but no shape of its own
Liquid
How do you describe a liquid
Liquid has no definite shape since its particles move freely and take shape of container but has a definite volume
Substance that flows
Fluid
Properties/ characteristics of liquids
Surface tension and viscosity
Inward force or pull among the molecules in a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together
Surface tension
A liquids resistance to flowing
Viscosity
What determines a liquids viscosity
Size and shape of particles and attractions between the particles
- liquids with high viscosity flow slowly*
- liquids with low viscosity flow quickly*
No definite shape or volume
Gas
How do you describe a gas
Gas particles move to fill all the space available making gas have no definite shape or volume
What is the volume of a gas
The volume of its container
The force of the outward push divided by the area of the walls of the container
Pressure
Change in state from a solid to a liquid
Melting
Specific temperature melting occurs at
Melting point
What happens to the particles in a solid as it melts
The particles start to vibrate so fast that they break from their fixed positions
Change of state from a liquid to a solid
Freezing
What happens to liquids particles when it freezes
Particles move so slowly that they begin to take on a fixed position
Change in state from a liquid to a gas
Vaporization
What happens to the particles of a liquid as it vaporizes
Particles in a liquid gain enough energy to move independently
Vaporization that only takes place on the surface of a liquid
Evaporation
Vaporization that takes place both below and at the surface of a liquid
Boiling
Temperature at which a liquid boils
Boiling point
Change in state from gas to liquid
Condensation
How does condensation occur
When particles in a gas to lose enough thermal energy to form a liquid
Occurs when the surface particles of a solid game enough energy to form a gas
Sublimation
What happens to the particles of a solid as it sublimes
During sublimation particles of a solid do not pass through the liquid state as they form a gas
How are pressure and temperature of a gas related
When the temperature of a gas at constant volume increased the pressure of the gas increases. When the temperature is decreased the pressure of the gas decreases
How are volume and temperature of a gas related
When the temperature of a gas at constant pressure is increased the value increases when the temperature of a gas at constant pressure is decreased the volume decreases- Charles law
When a graph of two variables is a straight line passing through the origin
Directly proportional
How are pressure and volume of a gas related
When the pressure of a gas at constant temperature is increased the volume of the gas decreases. When the pressure is decreased the volume increases-Boyle law
When is the product of two variables is constant
Inversely proportional
Smallest particle that can still be considered an element
Atom
How did the atomic theory developed
They grew as a series of models that develops from experimental evidence
Negative charged particles
Electrons
Thomson model
Argued that there use n a positive charge to balance the negative charge
Rutherfords model
Rutherford experiements led him to propose the existence of a nucleus a small positively charged region of an atom containing positively charged particles that he called protons
Bohrs model
propose that electrons were found only in specific orbits around the nucleus
Cloud model
Model in which electrons do not orbit the nucleus instead they move rapidly within a cloud like region around the nucleus
Specific amount of energy an electron has
Energy level
Neutron
Particle with no electrical charge
What is the most modern model of the atom
Tiny dense Nucleus at the center with protons and neutrons inside it. Surrounding the nucleus is a cloud like region of moving electrons
Number of protons in the nucleus of an Atom
Atomic number
Atoms with the same number of protons in different number of neutrons
Isotopes
Sum of the protons and neutrons in the Atom
Mass number
How is an isotope identified
Mass number
The average mass of all the isotopes in an element
Atomic mass
What did Mendeleev discover
He found that properties repeated regularly when he arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass
Arrangement of elements showing the repeating pattern of the properties
Periodic table
How is the periodic table arranged
Atomic mass
Letter or abbreviation for an element
Chemical symbol
How is periodic table useful
Helps predict an elements properties from its location on table
Group (on periodic table)
Columns on table going up and down also known as families
Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat
Metals
What are the properties of metals
Luster malleability Ductility and conductivity
Luster
Shininess or reflectiveness
When a material can be hammered or rolled into flat sheets
Malleability
When a material can be pulled or drawn into long wires
Ductile
Ability of an object to transfer heat
Thermal conductivity
Electrical conductivity
Millatti of an object to carry electric current
Ease and speed with which an element combines or reacts with other substances
Reactivity
Deterioration of a metal due to a chemical reaction in the environment
Corrosion
Chemical properties of a metal
Reactivity and corrosion
How are metals classified
By alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, medals in mixed groups, lanthanides and actinides
Group 1 metals
Alkali metals
Most reactive metals in the periodic table
Alkali metals
Group 2 metals
Alkaline earth metals
Properties of alkaline earth metals and alkali metals
Alkali metals are Harder denser and Melt at higher temperatures than alkaline metals which have low densities and melting point
Groups 3 through 12
Transition metals
Properties transition metals
Hard and shiny solids that have high melting points and high densities
Which transition metal is liquid at room temperature
Mercury
Metals in mixed group
Stairs separating nonmetals and metals
Lanthanides and actinides
Two rows of elements below the main part of the periodic table
An element that lacks most of the properties of a metal
Nonmetal
What are the properties of a non-metal
Dull brittle and Poor conductors of electric current and heat
What are the families containing nonmetals
The carbon family the nitrogen family the oxygen family the halogen family the noble gas family and hydrogen
Diatomic molecule
Two atoms together
Very reactive elements that are salt forming
Halogens
What is the most reactive substance in the periodic table
Fluorine in the halogen family
Least reactive group in the periodic table
Noble gases
Elements that have some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals
Metalloids
Substances that can conduct electric current under some conditions but not others
Semiconductor
Super conductor
Materials that can conduct electrical current under all conditions
Process in which the atomic nuclei of radioactive isotopes release fast moving particles and energy
Radioactive decay
What happens to an Atom during radioactive decay
The identity of the atom changes
Ability to emit radiation
Radioactivity
What does radioactive decay produce
Alpha particles beta particles and gamma rays
What are the three major forms of radiation produced during the decay of an unstable nucleus
Alpha decay beta decay and gamma radiation
Alpha particle
- Consists of two protons and two neutrons and is positively charged
- The release of an alpha particle by an Atom during alpha decay decreases the atomic number
Fast moving electron given off by a nucleus during radioactive (beta) decay
Beta particle
Length of time needed for half of the atoms to decay
Half life
When scientists calculate how many half lives have passed since a fossil died and can determine the age
Radioactive dating
Radioactive isotopes that can be followed through the steps of a chemical reaction
Tracers
Consist of high energy waves and have no charge
Gamma rays
