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SPI Click to Learn > Physical Principles Part 1 > Flashcards

Physical Principles Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

If a 3.5MHz wave is transmitted through the media listed below, the longest wavelength will be seen in the wave moving through ______

A. air
B. fat
C. bone
D. soft tissue

A

C

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2
Q

The _______ of a wave is defined as the time for one wavelength

A. PRP
B. PRF
C. pulse duration
D. period

A

D

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3
Q

If the space between the dotted lines indicates a total time of 0.5 seconds, what is the frequency of the sound transmission

A. 8Hz
B. 2kHz
C. 2Hz
D. 4Hz

A

D, 2 cycles occur every 0.5 sec=4 cycles occur every 1 sec= transmitted frequency of 4Hz

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4
Q

Some US systems allow you to adjust the beam thickness or slice thickness. Decreasing the slice thickness will primarily improve _____ resolution

A. axial
B. elevational
C. contrast
D. lateral

A

B

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5
Q

Constructive and destructive interference are demonstrated on the image as what acoustic artifact

A. posterior shadowing
B. posterior enhancement
C. speckle
D. reverberation

A

C

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6
Q

The duty factor for a system with pulse duration of 3 microseconds and a PRP of 300 microseconds is

A. 1%
B. 9%
C. 10%
D. 0.9%

A

A, Duty factor= PD/PRP=3/300=0.01 x 100%= 1%

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7
Q

The unit for the period of a diagnostic ultrasound wave is

A. second
B. microsecond
C. millimeter
D. millisecond

A

B

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8
Q

Which of the following is a resonance artifact only seen with a gas/tissue interface

A. posterior shadowing
B. misregistration
C. ring down
D. mirror imaging

A

C

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9
Q

The use of multiple focal zones will improve ______, but degrade ______

A. lateral resolution, temporal resolution
B. temporal resolution, lateral resolution
C. lateral resolution, axial resolution
D. axial resolution, lateral resolution

A

A

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10
Q

Axial resolution is primarily dependent upon

A. pulse duration
B. beam width
C. harmonics
D. image depth

A

A

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11
Q

Why does axial resolution improve with higher frequencies

A. reduced attenuation and scatter
B. higher propagation speed
C. wavelength is reduced
D. better sound penetration

A

C

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12
Q

Which of the following types of resolution varies with different depths on the image

A. contrast resolution
B. axial resolution
C. temporal resolution
D. lateral resolution

A

D

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13
Q

Which of the following is a primary factor in the visualization of tissue boundaries that are not perpendicular to the incident beam, such as tissue parenchyma and organ boundaries

A. refraction
B. specular reflection
C. backscatter
D. diffraction

A

C

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14
Q

If the area indicated between the dotted lines represents a time of seconds, what is the frequency of the wave

A. 2Hz
B. 4Hz
C. 8Hz
D. 16Hz

A

C, 0.25 x 4=1 second so 2 cycles x 4= 8 cycles/1 second or 8Hz

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15
Q

Refraction will cause improper _______ positioning of echoes on the image

A. medial
B. deeper
C. superficial
D. lateral

A

D

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16
Q

If the time to produce each frame is 0.05 second, what is the frame rate

A. 50Hz
B. 20Hz
C. 100kHz
D, 10kHz

A

B, time to produce a frame x frame rate=1, 0.05 x FR=1.0, FR= 1/0.05=20Hz

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17
Q

Noise or speckle artifact noted on the image is caused by

A. interference of reflected waves
B. refraction
C. difference between the transmitted and reflected frequency across the image
D. diffraction

A

A

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18
Q

Which of the following will increase the duty factor of the pulsed ultrasound probe

A. increase the power output
B. decreasing the image depth
C. decreasing the PRF
D. using PW doppler

A

B

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19
Q

If the dotted line indicates a time of 1 second from the start of wave transmission, what is the frequency of the sound transmission

A. 2kHz
B. 2Mhz
C. 2Hz
D. 4Hz

A

D, 2 pulses with 2 cycles each occur per second = transmission frequency of 4Hz

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20
Q

Slice thickness artifact can result in

A. decreased echogenicity of tissues behind an anechoic structure
B. increased echogenicity of tissues behind an anechoic structure
C. the appearance of debris in an anechoic structure
D. a duplicate copy of a structure placed on the image

A

C

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21
Q

_______ artifact is caused by refraction and results in subtle image degradation

A. misregistration
B. multipath
C. scatter
D. comet tail

A

B

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22
Q

Axial resolution artifacts occur due to _____, while lateral resolution artifacts occur due to ______

A. matching layer damage, element damage
B. short pulses, narrow beams
C. element damage, matching layer damage
D. long pulses, wide beams

A

D

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23
Q

The rectus abdominis muscles are associated with ______ with the diaphragm is associated with ______

A. refractive shadowing, lobe artifact
B. refraction artifact, mirror image artifact
C. shadowing, enhancement
D. comet tail, ring down

A

B

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24
Q

Virtual beam forming (VBF) significantly improves all types of resolution compared to pulse echo imaging except

A. axial resolution
B. lateral resolution
C. contrast resolution
D. temporal resolution

A

A

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25
Q

_______ = period x # cycles in a pulse

A. SPL
B. pulse duration
C. duty factor
D. frequency

A

B

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26
Q

Which of the following can reduce or eliminate range ambiguity artifact

A. decreasing the imaging depth
B. using multiple focal zones
C. increasing output power
D. decreasing the PRF

A

D

27
Q

What is the duty factor for a system if the pulse duration is 4 microseconds and the PRP is 1 millisecond

A. 8%
B. 2%
C. 0.2%
D. 0.4%

A

D, duty factor= PD/PRP
DF =0.000004s/0.001
DF=0.004x100%=0.4%

28
Q

A. continuous wave transducers have a low duty factor because the PE crystal is receiving signals most of the time
B. the duty factor for a continuous wave transducer is 0.01%
C. duty factor refers to the amount of time sound waves are being produced
D. the duty factor for a continuous wave transducer is much lower than the duty factor for a pulsed wave transducer

A

C

29
Q

A. continuous wave transducers have a low duty factor because the PE crystal is receiving signals most of the time
B. the duty factor for a continuous wave transducer is 0.01%
C. duty factor refers to the amount of time sound waves are being produced
D. the duty factor for a continuous wave transducer is much lower than the duty factor for a pulsed wave transducer

A

C

30
Q

The rectus abdominis muscles are commonly associated with what type of artifact

A. comet tail
B. reverberation
C. enhancement
D. refraction

A

D

31
Q

When tissues display varied echogenicity depending on the angle at which they are viewed, it is called

A. speckle
B. twinkle
C. clutter
D. anisotropy

A

D

32
Q

A sound wave leaves its source and is traveling through air. The reflected wave returns 0.5 seconds later. What is the distance from the source to the reflector

A. 83m
B. 830m
C. 83cm
D. 83mm

A

A, range equation: distance to reflector=speed x 1/2 total time of flight, speed of sound in air =330 m/s, distance = 330 x 1/2 (0.5s), distance =83m

33
Q

Sound energy that arrives at the transducer before the rest of the original pulse finishes transmitting will cause what acoustic artifact

A. ring down
B. lobe artifact
C. mirror image
D. range ambiguity

A

D

34
Q

While you are scanning the carotid artery, you find that range ambiguity artifact is causing false echoes within the lumen. How will you eliminate the artifactual echoes from the image

A. decrease the gray scale priority settings
B. change your scanning approach to increase the distance between the vessel and the face of the transducer
C. increase the gray scale priority settings
D. change your scanning approach to decrease the distance between the vessel and the face of the transducer

A

B

35
Q

The rectus abdominis muscles are commonly associated with what type of artifact

A. enhancement
B. reverberation
C. comet tail
D. refraction

A

D

36
Q

Which of the following can reduce or eliminate range ambiguity artifact

A. increasing output power
B. decreasing the PRF
C. using multiple focal zones
D. decreasing the imaging depth

A

B

37
Q

Which of the following will increase the duty factor of the pulsed ultrasound probe

A. decreasing the image depth
B. using PW doppler
C. increase the power output
D. decreasing the PRF

A

A, decreasing the image depth will increase the PRF

38
Q

Why does axial resolution improve with higher frequencies

A. reduced attenuation and scatter
B. wavelength is reduced
C. higher prop speed
D. better sound penetration

A

B

39
Q

Which of the following techniques will lead to degraded lateral resolution

A. trapezoidal field of view on linear array
B. increase number of focal zones
C. increased probe frequency
D. reduced sector width

A

A

40
Q

Which of the following is a primary factor in the visualization of tissue boundaries that are not perpendicular to the incident beam, such as tissue parenchyma and organ boundaries

A. diffraction
B. backscatter
C. refraction
D. specular reflection

A

B

41
Q

When you activate harmonic imaging and add a focal zone to the field of view, which type of resolution will degrade with these changes

A. axial
B. temporal
C. contrast
D. lateral

A

B

42
Q

Which of the following media interfaces is most likely to produce the ring down artifact

A. liver-kidney
B. tissue-fluid
C. tissue-gas
D. calcification-tissue

A

C

43
Q

Volume averaging artifact causes

A. improved spatial resolution and degraded contrast resolution
B. degraded contrast and spatial resolution
C. degraded elevational resolution
D. improved contrast resolution

A

B

44
Q

The artifact that is produced when the incident beam hits a curved surface and produces an acoustic shadow is referred to as

A. multipath artifact
B. mirror imaging
C. comet tail
D. defocusing

A

D

45
Q

Which of the following types of resolution varies with different depths on the image

A. temporal resolution
B. contrast resolution
C. lateral resolution
D. axial resolution

A

C

46
Q

The ______ of a wave is defined as the time for one wavelength

A. PRF
B. pulse duration
C. period
D. PRP

A

C

47
Q

VBF significantly improves all types of resolution compared to pulse echo imaging except

A. lateral resolution
B. axial resolution
C. temporal resolution
D. contrast resolution

A

B

48
Q

Which of the following can reduce or eliminate range ambiguity artifact

A. increasing output power
B. decreasing the PRF
C. using multiple focal zones
D. decreasing the imaging depth

A

B

49
Q

Which of the following will increase the duty factor of the pulsed ultrasound probe

A. using a PW doppler
B. increase the power output
C. decreasing the PRF
D. decreasing the image depth

A

D

50
Q

A sound wave leaves its source to travel through the liver and a reflected wave returns 2 microseconds later. What is the distance from the source to the reflector

A. 1.5cm
B. 1.5mm
C. 3cm
D. 3mm

A

B

51
Q

Which of the following will increase the duty factor of the pulsed ultrasound probe

A. using a PW doppler
B. decreasing the PRF
C. decreasing the image depth
D. increase the power outpt

A

C

52
Q

Which of the following can reduce or eliminate range ambiguity artifact

A. using multiple focal zones
B. decreasing the PRF
C. decreasing the imaging depth
D. increasing output power

A

B

53
Q

What wave parameter is defined as the wavelength times the number of cycles in the pulse

A. PRF
B. period
C. SPL
D. pulse duration

A

C

54
Q

______= period X # cycles in pulse

A. duty factor
B. SPL
C. frequency
D. pulse duration

A

D

55
Q

Virtual beam forming significantly improves all types of resolution compared to pulse echo imaging except

A. temporal resolution
B. lateral resolution
C. contrast resolution
D. axial resolution

A

D

56
Q

The artifact that is produced when the incident beam hits a curved surface and produces an acoustic shadow is referred to as

A. mirror imaging
B. defocusing
C. multipath artifact
D. comet tail

A

B

57
Q

A sound wave leaves its source to travel through the liver and a reflected wave returns 2 microseconds later. What is the distance from the source to the reflector

A. 1.5 cm
B. 1.5 mm
C. 3 cm
D. 3 mm

A

B

58
Q

The ______ of a wave is defined as the time for one wavelength

A. PRP
B. pulse duration
C. period
D. PRF

A

C

59
Q

Which of the following will increase the duty factor of the pulsed ultrasound probe

A. decreasing the PRF
B. using PW doppler
C. decreasing the image depth
D. increase the power output

A

C

60
Q

_______ = period x #cycles in pulse

A. frequency
B. duty factor
C. SPL
D. pulse duration

A

D

61
Q

What is the duty factor for a system if the pulse duration is 4 microseconds and the PRP is 1 millisecond

A. 0.4%
B. 0.2%
C. 2%
D. 8%

A

A

62
Q

Some US systems allow you to adjust the beam thickness or slice thickness. Decreasing the slice thickness will primarily improve ______ resolution

A. axial
B. elevational
C. lateral
D. contrast

A

B

63
Q

Which of the following can reduce or eliminate range ambiguity artifact

A. increasing output power
B. decreasing the PRF
C. decreasing the imaging depth
D. using multiple focal zones

A

B

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