Physical Milestones and Failure to Thrive Flashcards
What are the four main areas of development in a child?
- Gross motor
- Fine motor (hands) and vision
- Hearing, speech, language
- Social skills and behaviour
Gross motor progresses in what way?
Cephalo-caudal
For gross motor development, a child should be able to keep their head up by what stage?
3 months
For gross motor development, a child should be able to sit up (top trunk) by what stage?
6 months
For gross motor development, a child should be able to crawl (middle trunk) by what stage?
9 months
For gross motor development, a child should be able to stand up by what stage?
12 months
For gross motor development, a child should be able to walk by what stage?
18 months
For gross motor development, what is considered late of a time frame for a child to be able to walk by?
After 18 months (2 SDs from mean)
What test can be performed to exclude DMD in a male child who is struggling to walk?
CK test
For fine motor and vision development, when should a child be expected to Transfer things from hand to hand?
6 months
What is the difference between Speech and Language?
Speech = Actual sounds Language = Content and Organisation
What are the two types of Hearing Loss?
Conductive deafness
Sensorineural deafness
Give 5 causes of Speech delay
- Hearing Loss
- Mechanical issues e.g. plate / muscles
- Global developmental problem
- Environmental deprivation
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
For Social skills and Behavioural development, when should a child be expected to smile?
6 - 8 weeks
For Social skills and Behavioural development, when would a child be expected to Wave back?
9 - 10 months
For Social skills and Behavioural development, when would a child be expected to learn Toilet training?
2 - 3 years old
Following a neonatal examination within 72 hours of birth and a 6-8 week check up by the GP - what other checks are performed and when?
1 year old check by Health Visitor
2-2.5 year old check by Health Visitor
Give 11 developmental red flags you may see in a child who might require additional support
- Regression of skills
- Not fixing / following
- Not responding to noise
- Hyper / hypotonic
- Early hand preference
- Persistent toe walking
- No smile at 8 weeks
- Not holding objects by 5 months
- Not sitting at 12 months
- Not walking at 18 months
- Not pointing at 2 years
Normal hand preference develops at what age? At what age is it considered abnormal
Normal is at age 3. Abnormal is before age 1
What is an Isolated delay and a Global delay?
Isolated: 1 domain affected
Global: 4 domains affected
What is the difference in Developmental delay versus Developmental disorder?
Delay: Progressing normally, just slower
Disorder: Progressing abnormally
To measure physical growth - what parameters are measured?
Weight
Height
Head circumference
What are the four phases of growth?
- Foetal growth
- Growth in infancy
- Pre-pubertal growth
- Pubertal growth
Under the age of 1, growth is almost entirely dependent on?
Nutrition
Between ages 1 and puberty, growth is almost entirely dependent on?
Growth hormone
By Week 1 following birth, weight might change how?
Loss by up to 10%
By Week 2 following, how does weight change?
Regain birth weight lost in Week 1. Same as birth weight
By what milestone is a babies weight doubled and trebled?
- Doubled by Month 5
- Trebled by 1 Year
Define Failure to Thrive
Sub-optimal weight gain in infants / toddlers, lying below the 2nd centile
Failure to Thrive can be subdivided into two causes: What are they?
Organic (medical)
Non-Organic (non-medical)
Give some general causes of FTT
Inadequate intake Inadequate retention (vomiting / GORD) Malabsorption Failure to utilise nutrients Increased requirements
BMI cannot be used for an indicator of health in children - what is used instead?
RCPCH growth charts
Give 7 examples of causes for Short Stature
- Genetic
- Growth hormone deficiency
- Panhypopituitarism
- Hypothyroidism
- Steroid excess
- Skeletal dysplasia
- Chromosomal disorders
