Physical - Glaciation Flashcards
What is plucking?
Ice melts & re-freezes sticking to the rock. As the glacier moves downhill, it pulls the rock out of the hillside
What is abrasion?
The sandpaper effect: rocks embedded in the edge of the glacier scrape against the valley, wearing it down
What freeze-thaw action?
Rain fills cracks in the rocks, freezing and then expanding. This forces the cracks to widen until they eventually break apart
What is scree?
Loose rocks broken up by freeze-thaw action scattered down the mountainside
U-shaped valley
Valley carved by a glacier
Corrie
On the north face
Where glaciers begin
Armchair
Snow and ice carve bowl-shape into mountain
Truncated spur
Interlocking spur whose end gets chopped off by a glacier
Arete
Knife edge ridge between corries
Pyramidal peak
3 or more corries surrounding a peak
Tarn
Lochan in a corrie
Hanging valley
Valley chopped off by a glacier
Alluvial fan
Material deposited by a stream
Ribbon lake
Flowing lake in the floor of a U-shaped valley
Misfit stream
Stream/river in a U-shaped valley
Formation of a corrie
(4 steps)
- Before glaciation - Snow gathers in a North facing hollow
- Beginning of glaciation - Snow compacts to form ice which moves downhill due to gravity
- During glaciation - Erosion takes place, deepening and steepening the hollow
- After glaciation - Ice melts leaving an armchair shaped hollow called a corrie
Formation of an arête
- Formation of a corrie
- Two corries side by side leave a knife-edged ridge between them called an arête
Formation of a pyramidal peak
- Formation of a corrie
- If 3 or more corries form around a mountain it leaved a jagged peak called a pyramidal peak between them
Formation of a U-shaped valley
- A glacier moves down a valley, deepening, straightening, and widening it
Formation of truncated spurs
Interlocking spurs are cut off by ice
What are tourist v locals conflicts and solutions?
- Increased litter - removed bins to hope people take litter home
- Congestion - fines, one-way systems, pedestrianised areas and improved public transport
- Footpath erosion - stone paths and alternate routes
- Noise and air pollution - improved rail and bus services
- Anti-social campers and littering - camping management zones, permits, and bylaws
What are tourist v farmers conflicts and solutions?
- Walkers leave gates open - signs and kissing gates
- Dogs chase sheep - signs and encourage responsible tourism
- Stone walls are damages - walls and footpaths maintained amd stiles built
- Noise disturbs animals - tourists educated
What are some land uses in glaciated areas (Loch Lomond)
- Forestry - lower slopes of a U-shaped valley, coniferous trees are suited to steep slopes and thin soils, help to prevent soil erosion and flooding
- Sheep farming - Sheep can survive on harsh, steep slopes where the land can be used for nothing else
- Hydroelectric dams - Lochs in hanging valleys dammed, provides electricity
- Wind farms - exposed upland areas
- Tourism - Hills (hiking, rock climbing, bird watching), historical landmarks and history, settlements (provide services), water sports, and fishing
- Fishing
- Ski resorts
- Trandsport links
