Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards
5 Parameters of Physical Examination
- Color
- Volume
- Clarity
- Odor
- Specific Gravity
Physical Examination provides preliminary information about? (4)
- Glomerular Bleeding
- Liver Disease
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism
- UTI
It is used to confirm or to explain findings in the chemical microscopic area of urinalysis
Physical Examination
4 Factors that affects Urine color
- Metabolic Functions
- Physical Activity
- Ingested Materials
- Pathologic Conditions
Pigment that causes Yellow color in urine
Urochrome
The body produces urochrome at what rate?
Constant
Normal Urine Color (4)
- Pale Yellow
- Yellow
- Dark Yellow
- Amber
Urochrome is increased in conditions such as? (2)
- Thyroid Conditions
- Room Temp Stand
What causes pink pigment?
UroERYTHRIN
Pink Urine is most evident at what type of specimens?
Refrigerated
Imparts an Orange-Brown color to urine that is not fresh
Urobilin
Urobilin is an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent called?
UroBILINOGEN
Laboratory Correlation of Recent Fluid Consumption?
Colorless
Colorless Urine is commonly observed with that type of specimen?
Random Specimen
3 Possible Indications of Pale Yellow Urine?
- Polyuria
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Dilute Random Sample
Elevated SG and Positive Glucose Test indicates?
Diabetes Mellitus
Urine Color for concentrated specimen
Dark Yellow
Urine color for dehydration from fever or burns
Amber
Yellow-Green to Yellow-brown urine color indicates?
BiliRUBIN Oxidized to BiliVERDIN
5 Indications for Orange Urine
- BiliRUBIN
- Acriflavin
- Pyridium
- Nitrofurantoin
- Phenindoine
Yellow foam is present along with orange urine indicates?
BiliRUBIN
(-) Bile Test & Green Fluorescence indicates?
Acriflavin
Drug commonly administered for UTI?
Pyridium
Anticoagulant that shows Orange Pigment in Urine
Phenindione
7 Factors that causes Pink-Red Urine
- RBCs
- Hemoglobin
- Myoglobin
- Porphyrins
- Beets
- Rifampin
- Menstrual Contamination
Cloudy urine with (+) Blood Test indicates?
RBCs
Clear Urine, (+) Blood Test, Intravascular Hemolysis indicates?
Hemoglobin
Clear Urine with (+) chemical test results for blood with Muscle Damage
Myoglobin
Porphyrins can be detected with what screening tests?
Watson-Schwartz Screening Test
Cloudy with RBCs, Mucus and Clots can indicate?
Menstrual Contamination
6 Factors that causes Brown to Black Urine
- RBCs oxidized to Methemoglobin
- Alkaptonuria
- Phenol Derivatives
- Argyrol
- Levodopa
- Flagyl
Interferes with copper reduction tests
Phenol Derivatives
Color disappears with Ferric Chloride
Argyrol
7 Factors that causes Green / Blue-Green Urine
- Pseudomonas Infection
- Phenol
- Amitriptyline
- Clorets
- Indican
- Methylene Blue
- Robaxin
White foam in urine is caused by?
Albumin
Yellow Foam in urine is caused by?
BiliRUBIN
5 Clarity Forms in Urine
- Clear
- Hazy
- Cloudy
- Turbid
- Milky
Provides a key to the Microscopic Examination Results
Presence of Turbidity
8 Pathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity
- RBCs
- WBCs
- Yeast
- Bacteria
- Nonsquamous Epithelial Cells
- Abnormal Crystals
- Lymph Fluid
- Lipids
8 Non pathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity
- Squamous Epithelial Cells
- Mucus
- Amorphous Phosphates, Urates and Carbonates
- Semen
- Fecal Contamination
- Radiographic Contras Media
- Talcum Powder
- Vaginal Cream
Acidic Urine Lab Correlations
- Amorphous Urates
- Radiographic Contrast Media
Alkaline Urine Lab Correlations
- Amorphous Phosphates
- Amorphous Carbonates
Soluble in DAA (3)
- RBCs
- Amorphous Phosphates
- Amorphous Carbonates
Insoluble in DAA (4)
- bacteria
- Yeast
- WBCs
- Sperm
Soluble in Ether (3)
- Lipids
- Lymphatic Fluid
- Chyle
The ability of kidneys to selectively reabsorb essential chemicals and water from Glomerular filtrate
Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity Detects what? (2)
- Dehydration
- Abnormalities in ADH
Direct Method for SG Determination (2)
- Urinometer
- Harmonic Oscillation Densinometry
Indirect Method for SG Determination (2)
- Refractometer
- Reagent Strip
Principle of Urinometer
Density
Major Disadvantage of Urinometer
Requires Large Volume (10-15ml)
How many will u subtract every 3°c increase/decrease per calibration temperature ?
0.001
Principle of Refractometer
Refractive Index
What must be corrected when using refractometer? (2)
- glucose
- CHON
3 calibration for Refractometer
- 1.000 (Distilled Water)
- 1.022 ± 0.001 ( 5% NaCl)
- 1.034 ± 0.001 ( 9% Sucrose)
Principle of Harmonic Oscillation Densinometry
Density
In harmonic oscillation densinometry results are linear up to a specific gravity of of?
1.080
Principle of Reagent Strip Method
pka changes of polyelectrolyte
1.010 SG of Urine is called?
Isosthenuric
> 1.010 SG of Urine is called?
Hypersthenuric
<1.010 SG of urine is called?
Hyposthenuric
What SG does not indicate that the sample is urine?
1.003
SG range of Random Specimen
1.015 & 1.025
Odor of Freshly Voided Urine?
Aromatic
Indication of Ammoniacal Odor of Urine? (2)
- Prolonged Standing
- Breakdown of Urea
Foul Odor indicates? (2)
- bacterial infection
- UTI
Fruity, Sweet Odor Indicates?
Ketones
Maple Syrup Odor indicates?
Maple Syrup Disease
Mousy Odor indicates?
Phenylketonuria
Rancid Odor indicates?
Tyrosinemia
Sweaty Feet odor indicates?
Isovaleric Acidemia
Cabbage Odor indicates?
Methionine Malabsorption
Bleach Smell indicates?
Semen Contamination
Rotting Fish Odor Indicates?
Trimethylaminuria
Menthol Odor Indicates?
Phenol
Sulfur Odor indicates?
Cystinuria