Introduction to Urinalysis Flashcards
1
Q
_____ was actually the beginning of lab medicine
A
Analyzing Urine
2
Q
References to the study of urine can be found in the drawings of cavemen and in ______
A
Egyptian Hieroglyphics
3
Q
Who wrote the book about Egyptian Hieroglyphics to and what is it’s title?
A
Edwin Smith / Surgical Papyrus
4
Q
Pictures of Early Physicians commonly showed them examining what?
A
Bladder Shaped Flask
5
Q
6 Physical Characteristics of Urine
A
- Color
- Clarity
- Odor
- Volume
- pH
- Specific Gravity
6
Q
Who is the Father of Medicine and wrote the book on Uroscopy?
A
Hippocrates
7
Q
When did Hippocrates wrote the book on Uroscopy?
A
5th Century
8
Q
When and What had been developed that described the significance of 20 different colors?
A
1140 AD / Color Charts
9
Q
2 Old chemical tests for glucose?
A
- Ant Testing
- Taste Testing
10
Q
How did Frederik Dekker discover albuminuria?
A
By boiling urine
11
Q
When and who discovered Albuminuria by boiling urine?
A
1694 / Frederik Dekkers
12
Q
What do you call the charlatans that provides false information?
A
Pisse Prophets
13
Q
The Pisse Prophets became the subject of the book published by whom and when?
A
Thomas Bryant / 1627
14
Q
What was invented in the 17th Century?
A
Microscope
15
Q
Who discovered the methods for quantitating the microscope sediments?
A
Thomas Addis
16
Q
When and who implemented the concept of urinalysis as a part of doctor’s routine examination?
A
1827 / Richard Bright
17
Q
When did Urinalysis began to disappear from routine examinations?
A
1930s
18
Q
The ____ is the only organ with such noninvasive means by which to directly evaluate its status.
A
Kidney
19
Q
Urine is an _____ of Plasma
A
Ultrafiltrate
20
Q
According to CLSI, Urinalysis is commonly performed in an….. (5)
A
- Expeditious
- Reliable
- Accurate
- Safe
- Cost Effective
21
Q
Reasons for performing Urinalysis (4)
A
- Aids Diagnosis of Disease
- Screening asymptomatic populations for undetected disorders
- Monitor Progress of Disease
- Monitor Effectiveness of Theraphy
22
Q
2 Essential to Body Function
A
- Reabsorption of Water
- Filtered Substances
23
Q
Average daily output of urine?
A
1200 mL
24
Q
4 Main components Of Urinary System
A
- Kidney
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
25
This is where urine is formed by filtration of blood
Kidney
26
Carries the urine to the bladder
Ureters
27
Stores the urine produced
Bladder
28
Delivers the urine for Excretion
Urethra
29
3 Internal Structure of the Kidney
1. Cortex
2. Medulla
3. Renal Pelvis
30
The outer layer of the kidney and it is located just below the Renal Capsule
Cortex
31
Regions of the Cortex
Renal Columns
32
Innermost part of the kidney
Medulla
33
The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as?
Renal Pyramids
34
Funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney
Renal Pelvis
35
The functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
36
Approximately how many nephron in each kidney?
1 - 1.5 million
37
2 Types of Nephron
1. Cortical
2. Juxtamedullary
38
Approximately how many percent is the Cortical Nephron?
85%
39
Approximately how many percent is the Juxtamedullary Nephron?
15%
40
Responsible for the removal of waste products and Reabsorption
Cortical Nephron
41
it's primary function is the concentration of urine
Juxtamedullary Nephron
42
9 Parts of Nephron
1. Glomerulus
2. Bowman's Capsule
3. PCT
4. Loop of Henle
5. DCT
6. Afferent Arteriole
7. Efferent Arteriole
8. Peritubular Capillaries
9. Vasa Recta
43
Glomerulus is also known as?
Renal Corpuscle
44
Glomerulus consists of how many capillary lobes which is also called?
8 / Capillary Tuft
45
Where is the point of entry for Unfiltered blood?
Afferent Arteriole
46
Point of Exit for Filtered Blood?
Efferent Arteriole
47
This surrounds the PCT and DCT?
Peritubular Capillaries
48
It is located adjacent to the A/D Loop of henle
Vasa Recta
49
It is responsible for the salt concentration
Vasa Recta
50
Urine composition (2)
1. 95% Water
2. 5% Solutes
51
4 Organic Components of Urine
1. Urea
2. Creatinine
3. Uric Acid
4. Hippuric Acid
52
Major organic component
Urea
53
Urea is a product of ____ and _____
Protein / Amino Acid Metabolites
54
Creatinine is a product of _____ by _____
Creatinine metabolism / Muscles
55
Common component in kidney stones
Uric Acid
56
Uric Acid is derived from ________
Catabolism of Nucleic Acid
57
Inorganic Components of Urine (7)
1. Cl
2. Na
3. K
4. Sulfate
5. Phosphate
6. Ammonium
7. Ca
58
Primary Inorganic Component
Chloride
59
This is primarily from salt
Sodium
60
Potassium can be combined with?
Chloride
61
This is derived from amino acids
Sulfate
62
Combines with Sodium to buffer blood
Phosphate
63
This regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity
Ammonia
64
Calcium combines with ___, _____ and ______
1. Chloride
2. Sulfate
3. Phosphate
65
The single most useful substance that identifies a fluid as urine is?
High Creatinine Concentration (50x of Plasma)
66
3 other concentrations of that are higher in urine than other body fluids
1. Urea
2. Sodium
3. Chloride
67
Normal Daily Urine output range is?
1200 - 1500 ml
68
A decrease in urine output
Oliguria
69
Urine volume considered as Oliguria for infants?
<1ml/kg/hr
70
Urine volume considered as Oliguria for children and adults?
<0.5ml/kg/hr & <400ml/day
71
Cessation of Urine Flow
Anuria
72
Increase nocturnal Excretory of urine
Nocturia
73
Increase in daily urine volume
Polyuria
74
urine volume considered as Polyuria for adult?
>2.5 L / Day
75
Urine volume considered as Polyuria for children
>2.5-3 mL/kg/day
76
Polyuria is associated with what diseases? (2)
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Diabetes Insipidus
77
Polyuria is artificially induced by? (3)
1. Diuretics
2. Caffeine
3. Alcohol
78
Dilute Urine with High SG
DM
79
Dilute Urine with low SG
DI
80
Caused by defect in production of insulin
DM
81
Decrease in production of ADH
DI
82
Exceed Renal Threshold for glucose
DM
83
Water is not reabsorbed from plasma filtrate
DI
84
Urine container for Pediatrics
Wee Bag
85
Routine Urinalysis requires how many mL of Urine?
10-15 mL
86
Specimens should be tested within?
2 Hours
87
6 types of specimen
1. First Morning Specimen
2. Random Specimen
3. Fasting Specimen
4. 2-Hour PostPrandial Specimen
5. GT Specimen
6. 24 Hour Specimen
88
First Morning is also known as?
8 Hour Specimen
89
Ideal Screening Specimen
First Morning Specimen
90
It is a concentrated specimen and is essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy
8 Hour Specimen
91
First morning specimen is for the evaluation of what disease?
Orthostatic Proteinuria
92
Satisfactory for routine screening
Random Specimen
93
Capable of detecting abnormalities
Random Specimen
94
Fasting Specimen is also known as?
Second Morning
95
To collect specimen 2 hours after eating
2 Hour post prandial
96
Results of 2 Hour post prandial specimen are used primarily for?
Insulin Therapy Monitoring
97
Urine is tested for Glucose and Ketones
Glucose Tolerance Specimen
98
Specimen used for Quantitative Assay
24 Hour Specimen
99
Less traumatic method for obtaining urine
Midstream Clean Catch Specimen
100
Midstream clean catch Specimen is used for? (2)
1. Bacterial Cultures
2. Routine Urinalysis
101
Insertion of a sterile catheter through urethra
Catheterized Specimen
102
Involves collecting urine directly from bladder
Suprapubic Aspiration Specimen
103
Specimen used for cytologic examination
Suprapubic Examination
104
Prostatitis Specimen is also known as?
Three Glass Collection
105
Order of Containers and contents in Prostatitis Specimen
1. First Passed Urine
2. Midstream Portion
3. Urine with Prostatic Fluid
4. Post Prostatic Massage Urine
106
1st Container for Prostatitis Specimen Detects?
Urethral Infection or Inflammation
107
2nd Container for Prostatitis Specimen Detects?
Urinary Bladder Infection
108
3rd and 4th container for prostatitis Specimen detects?
Prostatic Infection
109
Provides documentation of proper sample identification for drug testing
Chain of Custody
110
Volume required for drug testing
30-45 ml
111
Urine temperature for drug testing must be checked within?
4 mins (32.5-37.7°c)
112
Most Routinely used method of preservation is?
Refrigeration
113
Refrigeration preservation is at what degrees celsius?
2-8
114
Criteria for Ideal Preservative (4)
1. Bactericidal
2. Inhibit Urease
3. Preserves Formed Elements
4. Must not interfere with the chem tests
