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AUBF LEC > Introduction to Urinalysis > Flashcards

Introduction to Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

_____ was actually the beginning of lab medicine

A

Analyzing Urine

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2
Q

References to the study of urine can be found in the drawings of cavemen and in ______

A

Egyptian Hieroglyphics

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3
Q

Who wrote the book about Egyptian Hieroglyphics to and what is it’s title?

A

Edwin Smith / Surgical Papyrus

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4
Q

Pictures of Early Physicians commonly showed them examining what?

A

Bladder Shaped Flask

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5
Q

6 Physical Characteristics of Urine

A
  1. Color
  2. Clarity
  3. Odor
  4. Volume
  5. pH
  6. Specific Gravity
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6
Q

Who is the Father of Medicine and wrote the book on Uroscopy?

A

Hippocrates

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7
Q

When did Hippocrates wrote the book on Uroscopy?

A

5th Century

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8
Q

When and What had been developed that described the significance of 20 different colors?

A

1140 AD / Color Charts

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9
Q

2 Old chemical tests for glucose?

A
  1. Ant Testing
  2. Taste Testing
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10
Q

How did Frederik Dekker discover albuminuria?

A

By boiling urine

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11
Q

When and who discovered Albuminuria by boiling urine?

A

1694 / Frederik Dekkers

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12
Q

What do you call the charlatans that provides false information?

A

Pisse Prophets

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13
Q

The Pisse Prophets became the subject of the book published by whom and when?

A

Thomas Bryant / 1627

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14
Q

What was invented in the 17th Century?

A

Microscope

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15
Q

Who discovered the methods for quantitating the microscope sediments?

A

Thomas Addis

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16
Q

When and who implemented the concept of urinalysis as a part of doctor’s routine examination?

A

1827 / Richard Bright

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17
Q

When did Urinalysis began to disappear from routine examinations?

A

1930s

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18
Q

The ____ is the only organ with such noninvasive means by which to directly evaluate its status.

A

Kidney

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19
Q

Urine is an _____ of Plasma

A

Ultrafiltrate

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20
Q

According to CLSI, Urinalysis is commonly performed in an….. (5)

A
  1. Expeditious
  2. Reliable
  3. Accurate
  4. Safe
  5. Cost Effective
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21
Q

Reasons for performing Urinalysis (4)

A
  1. Aids Diagnosis of Disease
  2. Screening asymptomatic populations for undetected disorders
  3. Monitor Progress of Disease
  4. Monitor Effectiveness of Theraphy
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22
Q

2 Essential to Body Function

A
  1. Reabsorption of Water
  2. Filtered Substances
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23
Q

Average daily output of urine?

A

1200 mL

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24
Q

4 Main components Of Urinary System

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Ureters
  3. Bladder
  4. Urethra
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25
Q

This is where urine is formed by filtration of blood

A

Kidney

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26
Q

Carries the urine to the bladder

A

Ureters

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27
Q

Stores the urine produced

A

Bladder

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28
Q

Delivers the urine for Excretion

A

Urethra

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29
Q

3 Internal Structure of the Kidney

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Medulla
  3. Renal Pelvis
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30
Q

The outer layer of the kidney and it is located just below the Renal Capsule

A

Cortex

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31
Q

Regions of the Cortex

A

Renal Columns

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32
Q

Innermost part of the kidney

A

Medulla

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33
Q

The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as?

A

Renal Pyramids

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34
Q

Funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the kidney

A

Renal Pelvis

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35
Q

The functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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36
Q

Approximately how many nephron in each kidney?

A

1 - 1.5 million

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37
Q

2 Types of Nephron

A
  1. Cortical
  2. Juxtamedullary
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38
Q

Approximately how many percent is the Cortical Nephron?

A

85%

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39
Q

Approximately how many percent is the Juxtamedullary Nephron?

A

15%

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40
Q

Responsible for the removal of waste products and Reabsorption

A

Cortical Nephron

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41
Q

it’s primary function is the concentration of urine

A

Juxtamedullary Nephron

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42
Q

9 Parts of Nephron

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s Capsule
  3. PCT
  4. Loop of Henle
  5. DCT
  6. Afferent Arteriole
  7. Efferent Arteriole
  8. Peritubular Capillaries
  9. Vasa Recta
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43
Q

Glomerulus is also known as?

A

Renal Corpuscle

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44
Q

Glomerulus consists of how many capillary lobes which is also called?

A

8 / Capillary Tuft

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45
Q

Where is the point of entry for Unfiltered blood?

A

Afferent Arteriole

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46
Q

Point of Exit for Filtered Blood?

A

Efferent Arteriole

47
Q

This surrounds the PCT and DCT?

A

Peritubular Capillaries

48
Q

It is located adjacent to the A/D Loop of henle

A

Vasa Recta

49
Q

It is responsible for the salt concentration

A

Vasa Recta

50
Q

Urine composition (2)

A
  1. 95% Water
  2. 5% Solutes
51
Q

4 Organic Components of Urine

A
  1. Urea
  2. Creatinine
  3. Uric Acid
  4. Hippuric Acid
52
Q

Major organic component

A

Urea

53
Q

Urea is a product of ____ and _____

A

Protein / Amino Acid Metabolites

54
Q

Creatinine is a product of _____ by _____

A

Creatinine metabolism / Muscles

55
Q

Common component in kidney stones

A

Uric Acid

56
Q

Uric Acid is derived from ________

A

Catabolism of Nucleic Acid

57
Q

Inorganic Components of Urine (7)

A
  1. Cl
  2. Na
  3. K
  4. Sulfate
  5. Phosphate
  6. Ammonium
  7. Ca
58
Q

Primary Inorganic Component

A

Chloride

59
Q

This is primarily from salt

A

Sodium

60
Q

Potassium can be combined with?

A

Chloride

61
Q

This is derived from amino acids

A

Sulfate

62
Q

Combines with Sodium to buffer blood

A

Phosphate

63
Q

This regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity

A

Ammonia

64
Q

Calcium combines with ___, _____ and ______

A
  1. Chloride
  2. Sulfate
  3. Phosphate
65
Q

The single most useful substance that identifies a fluid as urine is?

A

High Creatinine Concentration (50x of Plasma)

66
Q

3 other concentrations of that are higher in urine than other body fluids

A
  1. Urea
  2. Sodium
  3. Chloride
67
Q

Normal Daily Urine output range is?

A

1200 - 1500 ml

68
Q

A decrease in urine output

A

Oliguria

69
Q

Urine volume considered as Oliguria for infants?

A

<1ml/kg/hr

70
Q

Urine volume considered as Oliguria for children and adults?

A

<0.5ml/kg/hr & <400ml/day

71
Q

Cessation of Urine Flow

A

Anuria

72
Q

Increase nocturnal Excretory of urine

A

Nocturia

73
Q

Increase in daily urine volume

A

Polyuria

74
Q

urine volume considered as Polyuria for adult?

A

> 2.5 L / Day

75
Q

Urine volume considered as Polyuria for children

A

> 2.5-3 mL/kg/day

76
Q

Polyuria is associated with what diseases? (2)

A
  1. Diabetes Mellitus
  2. Diabetes Insipidus
77
Q

Polyuria is artificially induced by? (3)

A
  1. Diuretics
  2. Caffeine
  3. Alcohol
78
Q

Dilute Urine with High SG

A

DM

79
Q

Dilute Urine with low SG

A

DI

80
Q

Caused by defect in production of insulin

A

DM

81
Q

Decrease in production of ADH

A

DI

82
Q

Exceed Renal Threshold for glucose

A

DM

83
Q

Water is not reabsorbed from plasma filtrate

A

DI

84
Q

Urine container for Pediatrics

A

Wee Bag

85
Q

Routine Urinalysis requires how many mL of Urine?

A

10-15 mL

86
Q

Specimens should be tested within?

A

2 Hours

87
Q

6 types of specimen

A
  1. First Morning Specimen
  2. Random Specimen
  3. Fasting Specimen
  4. 2-Hour PostPrandial Specimen
  5. GT Specimen
  6. 24 Hour Specimen
88
Q

First Morning is also known as?

A

8 Hour Specimen

89
Q

Ideal Screening Specimen

A

First Morning Specimen

90
Q

It is a concentrated specimen and is essential for preventing false-negative pregnancy

A

8 Hour Specimen

91
Q

First morning specimen is for the evaluation of what disease?

A

Orthostatic Proteinuria

92
Q

Satisfactory for routine screening

A

Random Specimen

93
Q

Capable of detecting abnormalities

A

Random Specimen

94
Q

Fasting Specimen is also known as?

A

Second Morning

95
Q

To collect specimen 2 hours after eating

A

2 Hour post prandial

96
Q

Results of 2 Hour post prandial specimen are used primarily for?

A

Insulin Therapy Monitoring

97
Q

Urine is tested for Glucose and Ketones

A

Glucose Tolerance Specimen

98
Q

Specimen used for Quantitative Assay

A

24 Hour Specimen

99
Q

Less traumatic method for obtaining urine

A

Midstream Clean Catch Specimen

100
Q

Midstream clean catch Specimen is used for? (2)

A
  1. Bacterial Cultures
  2. Routine Urinalysis
101
Q

Insertion of a sterile catheter through urethra

A

Catheterized Specimen

102
Q

Involves collecting urine directly from bladder

A

Suprapubic Aspiration Specimen

103
Q

Specimen used for cytologic examination

A

Suprapubic Examination

104
Q

Prostatitis Specimen is also known as?

A

Three Glass Collection

105
Q

Order of Containers and contents in Prostatitis Specimen

A
  1. First Passed Urine
  2. Midstream Portion
  3. Urine with Prostatic Fluid
  4. Post Prostatic Massage Urine
106
Q

1st Container for Prostatitis Specimen Detects?

A

Urethral Infection or Inflammation

107
Q

2nd Container for Prostatitis Specimen Detects?

A

Urinary Bladder Infection

108
Q

3rd and 4th container for prostatitis Specimen detects?

A

Prostatic Infection

109
Q

Provides documentation of proper sample identification for drug testing

A

Chain of Custody

110
Q

Volume required for drug testing

A

30-45 ml

111
Q

Urine temperature for drug testing must be checked within?

A

4 mins (32.5-37.7°c)

112
Q

Most Routinely used method of preservation is?

A

Refrigeration

113
Q

Refrigeration preservation is at what degrees celsius?

A

2-8

114
Q

Criteria for Ideal Preservative (4)

A
  1. Bactericidal
  2. Inhibit Urease
  3. Preserves Formed Elements
  4. Must not interfere with the chem tests

AUBF LEC (4 decks)

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