PHYSICAL EXAM OF URINE Flashcards
recommended urine container
- Disposable, wide-mouthed, and flat-bottom containers with screw caps are recommend
What is the information that must be included in the label?
Patient’s name, ID number, date, time
What additional information you can see on the label?
age, location, physician
Where do you place the label?
On the container
What are the things we need to consider when it comes to requisition form?
- Must accompany specimen
- Information must match label
- Time of receipt is stamped on requisition
- other info: type of specimen, interfering meds
Reasons for SPECIMEN REJECTION
▪Unlabeled containers
▪Non-matching labels and
requisitions
▪Contaminated specimens - feces,
paper
▪Contaminated containers
▪Insufficient quantity
▪Delayed or improper transport
performed for many years as
the diagnostic tool for many pathologic conditions by medical practitioners
urinalysis examination
It is the first information contained on a routine urinalysis report.
physical examination
It checks for the metabolic end products that provides useful information on the disease state of the individual
urinalysis examination
what are the urine parameters?
urine odor, color,
transparency, pH, specific gravity, volume
Freshly voided urine has a _________
________ becomes predominant as the specimen stands.
faint odor of aromatic compounds ; Ammoniacal odor
odor of diabetic ketosis
sweet or fruity odor
What is the normal color of urine?
yellow, light yellow, amber color
What are factors that cause variation in
urine color.
diet, physical activity, medication
and disease.
Urine colors ___________ indicate pathological
process.
orange, yellow-green. green,
pink, red and black
a normal yellow urine may also
contain analyte that signifies a disease such as __________
glucose, ketones
general term pertaining to the clarity of the specimen
transparency
Common terms used to report the appearance of urine
clear, hazy, slightly cloudy, turbid and milky
a white cloudiness may appear because of
the presence of ________
amorphous urates, phosphates, carbonates, calcium oxalate or uric acid crystal
no visible particulates
clear
print cannot be seen by urine
turbid
few particulates, print easily seen in urine
hazy
may precipitate or be clotted
milky
many particulates, print blurred through urine
cloudy
The four most common substances that cause turbidity aside from
amorphous crystals are ________
WBC, RBC, epithelial cells and bacteria
It is the reflection of the ability of the kidney to maintain normal hydrogen ion
concentration in plasma and extracellular
fluid
pH
Normal adults with normal fluid intake will produce urine with a specific gravity of _________ during a 24 hours period
1.016 to 1.022
It is based on the measurement of the refractive index of a solution which is related to the content of dissolved solids
present
Refractometry
methods used to measure specific gravity
- reagent strip
- refractometer
This chemical method consists of a reagent test pad impregnated with a __________
polyelectrolyte, pH indicator and
is maintained at an alkaline pH
It is an indirect colorimetric determination of the specific gravity
reagent strip
It is based on the determination of
urine’s density at room temperature
hydrometry
principle of urinometer
density
less accurate than the other
methods
urinometer
major disadvantage of urinometer
Requires large volume
Spinning motion
Yellow color
Urochrome
Litmus paper turns blue if
urine is _____ and red if
_______
alkaline ; acidic
a pink pigment
Uroerythrin
orange-brown
Urobilin
most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated. Attaches to urates
Uroerythrin
a product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions the body produces it at a constant rate increased amounts produced in thyroid conditions and fasting states
Urochrome
an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent
urobilinogen
Urobilin
reasons why the color of urine is pale yellow
- Polyuria or diabetes insipidus
- Diabetes mellitus
- Dilute random specimen
laboratory correlation when the urine is amber color
dehydration from fever or burns
What is the recommended volume of urine container
- ## Clear containers and at least 50
pediatrics urine container
Adhesive bags for pediatrics and large plastic containers for 24-hour specimen
bacterial infection odor
foul and pungent odor
orange-brown color indicates that the urine is
not fresh
laboratory correlation when the urine is colorless
recent fluid consumption
laboratory correlation when the urine is dark yellow
concentrated specimen
