PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Flashcards
A property that does not affect the chemical identity of a compound
Physical Property
It can be observed and measured without changing a compounds composition of matter
Physical property
It is any substance that has mass and can occupy space
Matter
Two types of physical property
Intensive or intrinsic
Extensive or extrinsic
It is independent which means it do not depend on the amount or size of material or sample
Intensive or intrinsic
Example of intensive or intrinsic property
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
It is dependent on the amount or size of the sample
Extensive or extrinsic property
Example of extensive or extrinsic property
Height
Weight
Length
Volume
It is affected by gravity with the formula of mass times the pool of gravity
Weight
It is the amount of matter in an object
Mass
It takes to account gravitational force
Weight
Unit of force
Newton
It is a type of force where boiling points are dependent on the mass of the molecule
Intermolecular forces
It is a type of force where solubility is dependent
Intermolecular force
The strength of the interaction between molecules is also dependent on the overall shape of the molecule
Intermolecular forces
It is between molecules which means physical properties depend on the attraction of the molecules
Intermolecular forces
Two liquids being mixed
Miscibility
What shape does attraction is higher
Elongated
What shape does attraction is lower
Spherical due to smaller surface area
It is within the molecule or interatomic
Intramolecular force
It is within the molecule or interatomic
Intramolecular force
It holds the atom together within the molecule
Intramolecular force
Three types of intermolecular forces by decreasing strengths
Hydrogen bonding
Diple dipole
London dispersion
Is a complex interaction that includes dipole dipole as well as orbital interactions and the transfer of electrons density between molecules
Hydrogen bonding
These are the strongest of the IMFs
Hydrogen bonding
Energy range of hydrogen bonding
5 to 25 kJ/mol
It bounced a more electronegative element a specifically to the lone pairs including oxygen fluorine chlorine
Hydrogen bonding
It forms a special dipole force
Hydrogen bonding
This force arise from the attraction of opposite the charge atoms other than hydrogen in molecules
Diple dipole
These molecules may have a permanent dipole moment
Dipole dipole
Generally in organic molecules the result from the presence of C-X bonds where x is more electronegative to that of C
Dipole dipole
These are generally weaker than hydrogen bonding but stronger than London dispersion
Dipole dipole
Dipole dipole energy range from
5 to 10 kJ/mol
It is a dipole dipole that do not displaced easily
Permanent dipole moment
Two polar molecules are involved under dipole-dipole force
Permanent dipole - permanent dipole
Permanent dipole - permanent dipole is also known as
Keesom
One polar and nonpolar molecule under dipole-dipole for
Permanent dipole- induced dipole
Permanent dipole - induce dipole is also known as
Debye
2 nonpolar molecules under dipole-dipole force
Induced dipole - induced dipole
Induced dipole - induced dipole it’s also known as
London dispersion Force
Instantaneous dipole - induced dipole
Forces arises from the movement of electrons within a molecule
London dispersion
These natural motion can produce an uneven distribution of the electrons or polarization of the distribution resulting in a temporary dipole moment in the molecule
London dispersion
This will induce the movement of electrons in adjacent molecules producing a dipole moment in them
London this person
This ____ dipole moments are very brief as they disappear when the electrons move to new locations within the molecule so the forces are very brief and weak
Induced
London dispersion energy range from
2-5kJ/mol
London dispersion is under what force
Vander Waals
These are weak interactions between molecules
Vander Waals
The strength of the IMF depend on the amount of____between the molecules especially for dispersion forces
Contact
Molecules with polar functional groups have a____
Higher boiling points
The ___ of the molecule can affect the surface area of contact
Shape
____molecules have more surface in contact than_____
Long thin
Spherical molecules
Polar molecules have____boiling point
Higher
Nonpolar molecules have____boiling point
Lower
Molecules with higher_____have higher_____
Molecular masses
Melting point boiling point and density
Longer length of carbon chains takes time to
Dissociate
Molecules with _______have lower boiling point and density than it’s straight chain isomer
Branch chains
______isomers have greater surface area in contact with each other
Straight-chain
_____have greater attractive force among the molecules
Straight chain isomers
Larger molecules have
Higher boiling and melting points
Solvents that is______;Smaller hydrocarbon component and/or more charge hydrogen bonding, and other polar groups will tend to increase the solubility
Polar
The greater the carbon in solubility
Lower the solubility in water
It is almost a certainly water soluble unless it has a large nonpolar group in which case it will most likely be soluble in the form of micelles like a soap or detergent
Charge group such as ammonium carboxylate and phosphate
Any functional group that can donate a_______the water such as alcohols and amines will significantly contribute to water solubility
Hydrogen bond
Any functional group that can only accept a hydrogen bond from water such as____,____,_____Will have a somewhat smaller but still significant effect on water solubility
Ketones, aldehydes, ethers
Other functional groups that contribute to polarity such as_____,____,____we’ll meet a small contribution to water solubility
Alkyl halides, thiols, sulfides
Our processes in which non-covalent interactions between identical molecules in a pure sample are disrupted
Boiling and melting point
The stronger the________interactions, The more energy is required in the form of heat to break them apart
Noncovalent
Boiling points of ______increase in compounds as their molecular weights increase because of the increase in van der Waals force
Compounds of homologous series
It lowers the boiling point because it reduces the area of contact
Branching
Chemical reaction occurs when one substance is converted into another substance
Chemical properties
A chemical reaction is accompanied by breaking of some bonds and making of some others
Chemical properties
It is defined as a detailed knowledge of the steps involved in a process in which the reactant molecules change into products
Reaction mechanism
Chemical reactions involve_____of one or more of the existing chemical bonds in reactant molecules and______of new bands leading to products
Breaking
Formation
The breaking of a covalent bond is known as
Bond fission
During____/_____The two shared electrons can be distributed equally or unequally between the two bonded atoms
Bond breaking or bond fission
The vision of a covalent bond with equal sharing of bonding electrons
Homolytic fission
It is where free radicals are neutral but reactive species have an unfaired electron and this can also initiate a chemical reaction
Homolytic fission
The fission of a covalent bond involving an equal sharing of bonding electrons
Heterolytic fission
This type of bond fission results in the formation of ions
Heterolytic fission
The ion which has a positive charge on the carbon atom is known as
Carbonium ion or carbocation
An ion with a negative charge on the carbon atom is known as
Carbanion
The charge species obtained by the heterolithic fission initiate chemical reactions and they are classified as
Electrophiles and nucleophiles
It is an electron deficient species and it may be positively charged or neutral
Electrophiles
Examples of these are H+, AlCl3, Br2, Cl2, Ag+, CH+3, BF3
Electrophiles
It is a negatively charged or electron rich neutral species
Nucleophiles
Examples of these are OH-, -NO2+, H2O, NH3
Nucleophiles
Types of reactions in organic compounds
Substitution
Elimination
Addition
Molecular rearrangements
Reaction involves the displacement of one atom or group in a molecule by another atom or group
Substitution reaction
Under substitution reaction aliphatic compounds undergo
Nucleophilic substitution reactions
It is a type of substitution reaction where an electrophilic reagent attacks the aromatic ring because the latter is electron rich
Aromatic hydrocarbons
It is a reaction that is characterized by the removal of a small molecule from adjacent carbon atoms and the formation of a double bond
Elimination
Proceeds with a fundamental change in the hydrocarbon skeleton of the molecule
Molecular rearrangements
During these reaction an atom or group migrates from one position to another
Molecular rearrangements
And saturated hydrocarbons such as alkenes and alkynes are extremely reactive towards a wide variety of reagents. The carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene contains two types of bonds. While in all kinds a three-carbon carbon bonds
Addition
