ISOMERS Flashcards
Compounds having the same molecular formula and same molecular weight but different structural formula thus differ in physical and chemical properties
Isomers
It is the proportion of atoms present in a molecule or compound
Molecular formula
It shows the different graphic representation of molecules or compound
Structural formula
Structural formula may include
Expanded
Condensed
Skeletal
It is a two-dimensional isomer
Structural isomerism
It is a three-dimensional isomer
Stereo isomerism
What are the subtypes of isomerism
Structural isomerism
Stereo isomerism
Specific subtypes under structural isomerism
Chain Isomerism
Functional isomerism
Positional isomerism
Metamerism
Tautomerism
Ring chain isomerism
Specific subtypes under stereo isomerism
Geometric and optical isomerism
Structural isomerism is also called as
Constitutional isomerism
Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different in their structure
Structural isomerism
These are hydrocarbons which has no constitutional isomers
Simplest hydrocarbons such as methane CH4, ethane c h 3ch3, propane ch3ch2ch3
What is the meaning of letter N
Normal / straight chain
What is the meaning of ISO
Branched structure
These isomers differ in the chain of the carbon atoms
Chain isomers
What is the IUPAC name of isobutane
2 - methylpropane
What is the IUPAC name of neopentane
2,2-dimethylpropane
This prefix is added when a compound has three metal group to its second to the last carbon
Neo
These isomers differ in the type of functional group
Functional isomers
What are examples of functional isomers
Alcohol - ether
Carboxylic acid -ester
Aldehyde - ketone
Propanoic acid - carboxylic acid
Methyl ethanoate/methyl acetate - Ester
These isomers differ in the attachment of the functional group to the chain at different positions
Positional isomers
Examples of positional isomers
1 - propanol and 2-propanol
1-chlorobutane and 2-chlorobutane
This type of isomerism arises due to the presence of different alkyl chains on each side of the functional group
Metamers
It is a rare type of isomerism and is generally limited to the molecules that contain a divalent atom surrounded by alkyl groups
Metamers
These are divalent atoms
Sulfur or oxygen
It is a type of isomerism where the breakage of the continuity of the chain is involved
Metamers
Examples of metamers include
Ethers, thioethers, ketone
It is an isomer of the compound which only the first in the position of protons and electrons
Tautomers
Tautomers occurs via an____proton transfer
Intramolecular
An important example of tautomer is
Keto-enol tautomerism
Tautomers involve what type of reaction
Reversible reaction
These are carbonyl carbons
Keto
These are double bonds plus hydroxyl groups
Enol
These isomers can only achieve equilibrium if they exist together and easily interchange
Tautomers
Is catalyst present in tautomers
Yes
It occurs in the carbonyl carbon
Protonation
What happens to the hydrogen proton or cat ion under tautomers
Delocalization
Examples of tautomers
Enamine-imine
Lactan-lactim
One of the isomers has an open chain structure whereas the other has a ring structure
Ring chain isomers
A great example of ring chain isomer is observed in
C3H6
These are isomers that have the same composition but that differ in the orientation of the parts in space
Stereo isomers
Geometrical isomers is also called as
Cis-trans isomerism
These isomers have different spatial arrangements of atoms in three-dimensional space
Geometrical isomers
It focuses on the spatial arrangement of an atom rather than the order of atom connectivity
Stereo isomers
Identical groups in the same side
Cis-isomers
Identical groups in the opposite side
Trans - isomer
Under alkene this bond does not permit rotation
Pi bond
Criteria to identify geometrical isomers
It should have double bonds
Double buns are attached to two different groups
Cis-trans have Latin meanings:
Cis- this side of
Trans- the other side of
Cis-trans has a German meaning:
Cis- Zusammen
Trans- Entgegen
These have high melting points and can be obtained from fast food meals which can lead to vaso construction
Trans fat
This depends on the rank of substituents
Cis-trans nomenclature
It is the substituent rule
E-Z notational system
E-Z notational system is also called as
CAHN INGOLD PRELOG (CIP SEQUENCE RULE)
Higher rank substituents on opposite sides
E
Higher rank substituents on same side
Z
Compounds having at least one carbon atom joint to 4 different atoms or groups
Optical isomers
These carbon atoms have four different groups
Chiral
These carbon atoms do not have four different groups
Achiral
Chiral is also called as
Chiral Carbon
Stereocenter
Stereogenic center
It is an absolute configuration on how atoms attach around a chiral center
S-R enantiomers
R-s meaning and their rotation
R-Rectus - clockwise
S-Sinister - counterclockwise
These are found in the second to the last carbons
Penultimate carbon
It is the ability of an object to replace to another object without visibility restriction
Superimposable or superposable
Mirror image or non superimposable
Enantiomer
Non mirror non superimposable
Diasteroemers
Examples of diastereomers
D - glucose and d-galactose
Answer the following
Dextro- (which side) - (rotation)
Levo- (which side) - (rotation)
Right - clockwise
Left - counterclockwise
Optical isomers have identical physical properties except
Optical activity
It is defined as the light that vibrates in one plane only
The plane polarized light
True or false
The plane of polarized light is rotated in opposite directions
True
It is the rotation of the plane of polarized light
Optical activity
Compounds that rotate the plane of plane polarized light to the right or clockwise are said to be
Dextrorotatory
Dextrorotatory is noted by letter_and_before the name of compound
d
+
Compounds that rotate the plane to the left or counterclockwise are cold
Levorotatory
Levorotatory is denoted by letter_and_before the name of the compound
A mixture containing equal amounts of d- and l - isomers is called
Racemic mixture
Racemic mixture is denoted by
dl/+-
Approximately how many percent of market and drugs are chiral
50%
Tattoo enanjomers of a hyal drug may differ significantly in terms of
Pharmacokinetic differences or pharmacodynamic differences
It is what the body does to the drug
Pharmacokinetics
It is what the drug does to the body
Pharmacodynamics
ADME
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
These provides pharmacological actions to the drug
Drug receptor complex
Receptors can be
Enzyme
Nucleic acid
Specialized membrane-bound protein
This is an anticoagulant which increases clotting time and serve as blood thinner
Warfarin
It is a type of warfarin with higher half life
R-Warfarin
It is a type of warfarin with lower half-life
S-warfarin
Warfarin that has a longer time to eliminate, less distributed and less potent
R- warfarin
Warfarin that is more distributed and more potent
S-warfarin
It is the time it takes for the amount of drug to reduce by half
Half life or +1/2
Quantity of drug that is necessary to take effect
Potency
It isn’t ibuprofen that is pharmacologically active
S- Ibuprofen
This type of ibuprofen have no anti-inflammatory effect
R - ibuprofen
Ibuprofen is what type of drug
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
It produces teratogenic birth defects
S-thalidomide
It can be used as a sedative for morning sickness
R-thalidomide
S-Thalidomide is a Teratogenic which shorten the limbs which pertains to a defect called
Phocomelia
Advil ibuprofen is an over the counter drug dispense at what milligrams
200 mg or 100
Prescription ibuprofens have a milligrams of
400, 600, 800 mg
