Physical Changes with Aging

Question 1

Leading cause of death in all ethnic groups in the US

Answer 1

Cardiovascular Disease

Question 2

Type of CVD which causes blood pressure to be above normal levels (impairs cognition)

Answer 2

Hypertension

Question 3

Type of CVD that causes blood pressure levels to be below normal (–> dizziness, lightheadedness, increased risk of falls)

Answer 3

Hypotension

Question 4

Buildup of fat deposits on and the calcification of arterial wall (interferes with blood flow, increases risk of strokes)

Answer 4

Atherosclerosis

Question 5

Chest pain that occurs when oxygen supply to the heart become insufficient

Answer 5

Angina Pectoris

Question 6

Severe decline of cardiac output and the ability of the heart to contract

Answer 6

Congestive heart failure

Question 7

Occur when blood supply to the heart is severely reduced or cut off

Answer 7

Myocardial infarctions (MI, heart attacks)

Question 8

What are the 2 main types of strokes?

Answer 8

blockage, hemorrhage

Question 9

Strokes that result from cut off of blood flow to a portion of the brain

Answer 9

blockage

Question 10

stroke that occurs when there is rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, often due to high blood pressure

Answer 10

brain hemorrhage

Question 11

What treatment is used for a stroke that occurs as a result of blockage?

Answer 11

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

Question 12

What treatment is used for a stroke that occurs due to hemorrhage?

Answer 12

Surgery, hypertensive drugs

Question 13

Family of diseases that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Answer 13

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 14

Destruction of membranes around air sacs in lungs

Answer 14

Emphysema

Question 15

Severe loss of bone mass

Answer 15

Osteoporosis

Question 16

Arthritis that results from wear and tear

Answer 16

Osteoarthritis

Question 17

Autoimmune disorder that causes arthritis

Answer 17

Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 18

As we age, decreased _________ passes through the eyes, the lens become more _________, and there is a worse ability to _________ and _________.

Answer 18

light, yellow, adjust, focus

Question 19

Opaque spots on the lens, limiting light transmission (treated with surgery)

Answer 19

cataracts

Question 20

High pressure in the eye, causing damage and loss of vision (treat with eye drops or surgery)

Answer 20

glaucoma

Question 21

Degeneration of the macula (center vision); destroys receptors, more common in older adults, can’t see details or color

Answer 21

Macular degeneration

Question 22

Diabetes associated disease that can cause blindness; most common cause of blindness in older adults; progressive, takes many years

Answer 22

Diabetic Retinopathy

Question 23

Jointly, typical older adults have reduced ability to see __________, especially obvious in lower light. This may link to increased risk of ________, decreased social connectedness, increased depression, and need for added environment _________.

Answer 23

details, falling, support

Question 24

Possible social consequences of ___________ loss include loss of independence, social isolation, irritation, paranoia, depression, and emotional effects.

Answer 24

hearing

Question 25

Decline in the ability to hear high pitched sounds; more than 50% of adults over age 70 have this

Answer 25

Presbycusis

Question 26

Atrophy and degeneration of receptor cells

Answer 26

sensory damage

Question 27

loss of neurons in the auditory pathways in the brain

Answer 27

neural damage

Question 28

diminished supply of nutrients to the receptor area

Answer 28

metabolic damage

Question 29

atrophy and stiffening of the vibrating structure in the receptor area

Answer 29

mechanical damage

Question 30

Most common treatment for hearing loss; lowest cost

Answer 30

analog hearing aids

Question 31

programmed for hearing in different environments, reducing different types of noise

Answer 31

digital hearing aids

Question 32

stimulate auditory fibers

Answer 32

cochlear implants

Question 33

_____________- changes cause change in temperature perception and increases in chronic pain.

Answer 33

somatosensory

Question 34

___________ changes cause increases in dizziness and vertigo, which is linked to increase in time to integrate signals, medications, and increase in falls.

Answer 34

Balance

Question 35

___________ changes in age cause bitter & sour perception, are influenced by medications, and can lead to malnutrition.

Answer 35

taste

Question 36

________ changes in age are variable across people and can be an early sign of neurodegenerative disease.

Answer 36

Smell

Question 37

___________ and ___________ without gender affirming interventions have relatively more widespread and rapid changes in reproductive systems with aging.

Answer 37

women, trans men

Question 38

Passage from reproductive to non-reproductive years

Answer 38

Climacteric

Question 38

Point where menstruation stops (12 months)

Answer 38

menopause

Question 39

There is a decline in __________ and __________ during menopause.

Answer 39

estrogen, progesterone

Question 40

Hormone Replacement Therapy can relieve common symptoms of ___________.

Answer 40

menopause

Question 41

___________ can significantly increase the risk of breast cancer, heart attack, stroke, and blood clots, dementia, and bloating and tenderness.

Answer 41

HRT

Question 42

There are large individual differences in appearance with aging, and psychological effects depend on the ____________ context.

Answer 42

socio-cultural

Question 43

States that organisms only have so much energy that they can expend in a lifetime.

Answer 43

Metabolic theory of aging

Question 44

reducing metabolism will lengthen the lifespan

Answer 44

corollary

Question 45

Have been shown to increase lifespan by up to 40%

Answer 45

C. elegans

Question 46

Motivated by the idea that cells have a limited number of time they can divide

Answer 46

Cellular theories of aging

Question 47

Number of times a cell has grown in the lab and will divide

Answer 47

Hayflick limit

Question 48

Become shorter across cellular replication; necessary to control cell growth

Answer 48

telomeres

Question 49

Highly reactive molecules formed randomly during metabolism that lead to DNA and protein damage

Answer 49

Free radicals

Question 50

___________ can reduce the effects of free radicals

Answer 50

antioxidants

Question 51

States that aging is programmed into our genetic code.

Answer 51

Genetic Programming Theories of Aging