Physical Changes with Aging Flashcards
Leading cause of death in all ethnic groups in the US
Cardiovascular Disease
Type of CVD which causes blood pressure to be above normal levels (impairs cognition)
Hypertension
Type of CVD that causes blood pressure levels to be below normal (–> dizziness, lightheadedness, increased risk of falls)
Hypotension
Buildup of fat deposits on and the calcification of arterial wall (interferes with blood flow, increases risk of strokes)
Atherosclerosis
Chest pain that occurs when oxygen supply to the heart become insufficient
Angina Pectoris
Severe decline of cardiac output and the ability of the heart to contract
Congestive heart failure
Occur when blood supply to the heart is severely reduced or cut off
Myocardial infarctions (MI, heart attacks)
What are the 2 main types of strokes?
blockage, hemorrhage
Strokes that result from cut off of blood flow to a portion of the brain
blockage
stroke that occurs when there is rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, often due to high blood pressure
brain hemorrhage
What treatment is used for a stroke that occurs as a result of blockage?
Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
What treatment is used for a stroke that occurs due to hemorrhage?
Surgery, hypertensive drugs
Family of diseases that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Destruction of membranes around air sacs in lungs
Emphysema
Severe loss of bone mass
Osteoporosis
Arthritis that results from wear and tear
Osteoarthritis
Autoimmune disorder that causes arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
As we age, decreased _________ passes through the eyes, the lens become more _________, and there is a worse ability to _________ and _________.
light, yellow, adjust, focus
Opaque spots on the lens, limiting light transmission (treated with surgery)
cataracts
High pressure in the eye, causing damage and loss of vision (treat with eye drops or surgery)
glaucoma
Degeneration of the macula (center vision); destroys receptors, more common in older adults, can’t see details or color
Macular degeneration
Diabetes associated disease that can cause blindness; most common cause of blindness in older adults; progressive, takes many years
Diabetic Retinopathy
Jointly, typical older adults have reduced ability to see __________, especially obvious in lower light. This may link to increased risk of ________, decreased social connectedness, increased depression, and need for added environment _________.
details, falling, support
Possible social consequences of ___________ loss include loss of independence, social isolation, irritation, paranoia, depression, and emotional effects.
hearing
Decline in the ability to hear high pitched sounds; more than 50% of adults over age 70 have this
Presbycusis
Atrophy and degeneration of receptor cells
sensory damage
loss of neurons in the auditory pathways in the brain
neural damage
diminished supply of nutrients to the receptor area
metabolic damage
atrophy and stiffening of the vibrating structure in the receptor area
mechanical damage
Most common treatment for hearing loss; lowest cost
analog hearing aids
programmed for hearing in different environments, reducing different types of noise
digital hearing aids
stimulate auditory fibers
cochlear implants
_____________- changes cause change in temperature perception and increases in chronic pain.
somatosensory
___________ changes cause increases in dizziness and vertigo, which is linked to increase in time to integrate signals, medications, and increase in falls.
Balance
___________ changes in age cause bitter & sour perception, are influenced by medications, and can lead to malnutrition.
taste
________ changes in age are variable across people and can be an early sign of neurodegenerative disease.
Smell
___________ and ___________ without gender affirming interventions have relatively more widespread and rapid changes in reproductive systems with aging.
women, trans men
Passage from reproductive to non-reproductive years
Climacteric
Point where menstruation stops (12 months)
menopause
There is a decline in __________ and __________ during menopause.
estrogen, progesterone
Hormone Replacement Therapy can relieve common symptoms of ___________.
menopause
___________ can significantly increase the risk of breast cancer, heart attack, stroke, and blood clots, dementia, and bloating and tenderness.
HRT
There are large individual differences in appearance with aging, and psychological effects depend on the ____________ context.
socio-cultural
States that organisms only have so much energy that they can expend in a lifetime.
Metabolic theory of aging
reducing metabolism will lengthen the lifespan
corollary
Have been shown to increase lifespan by up to 40%
C. elegans
Motivated by the idea that cells have a limited number of time they can divide
Cellular theories of aging
Number of times a cell has grown in the lab and will divide
Hayflick limit
Become shorter across cellular replication; necessary to control cell growth
telomeres
Highly reactive molecules formed randomly during metabolism that lead to DNA and protein damage
Free radicals
___________ can reduce the effects of free radicals
antioxidants
States that aging is programmed into our genetic code.
Genetic Programming Theories of Aging
