physical and sensory disabilties Flashcards
Gross Motor Skills
Large movements made by your body
E.g. running, jumping, swimming, climbing
Fine Motor Skills
Small movements made using your hands and fingers
E.g. printing, doing up buttons, threading a sewing needle
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)
AKA Dyspraxia
Motor impairment NOT caused by a neurological impairment
Difficulty with acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills
Motor skills deficit interferes with activities of daily living
Not better explained by intellectual disability, visual impairment, or neurological condition (DSM-5)
More common in boys than girls (2:1)
Affects 5-8% of school aged children
what are some of the gross motor skills associated with DCD
Fall frequently
Awkward running pattern
Difficulty imitating body positions
what are some fine motor skills associated with DCD
Difficulty with handwriting, gripping, dressing
what are some psychosocial characteristics associated with DCD?
Lower self-esteem
Academic difficulties
Anxiety
what are some Risk Factors in DCD
Prenatal exposure to alcohol
Preterm and low birth weight
Impairments in visual-motor skills
what are other comorbid DCD disorders?
ADHD (50%) Specific learning disorder Autism spectrum disorder Speech and language disorders Disruptive and emotional behaviour problems
what is Spina Bifida
Neural tube defect
Can result in neurological impairments and physical disability
what is the cause of Spina Bifida?
Neural tube normally closes at 28 days post-conception
Neural tube eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord
In spina bifida, the neural tube doesn’t close properly
what are the three types of Spina Bifida?
Spina Bifida Occulta
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele
Spina Bifida Occulta
Mildest form Small gap in vertebrae of the spine No neurological problems Might have a patch of hair, birthmark, or dimple on back Might not be identified
Meningocele
Protective membranes push out through opening of vertebrae
Spinal cord develops normally
Membranes removed through surgery
Rare form
Myelomeningocele
AKA Open Spina Bifida
Spinal cord and membranes protrude in a sac on the baby’s back
Most severe form
Treated with surgery after birth
May also have hydrocephalus- fluid in the brain
Neurological Impairments in Myelomeningocele
Nerve damage Muscle weakness or paralysis Bowel and bladder problems Seizures Orthopedic problems
Cause Spina Bifida
Caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors
what are some risk factors of Spina Bifida?
Risk factors: Increased maternal body temperature Maternal diabetes and obesity Family history of neural tube defects Vitamin B-9 deficiency Anti-seizure medications
Epilepsy
AKA seizure disorders
Prevalence of 1% of population (at any given time)
Seizures = periods of neural hyperactivity, caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the CNS
what are the two types of partial seizures?
Complex partial seizures (psychomotor)
Simple partial seizures (focal cortical)
what are Simple partial seizures (focal cortical)?
Conscious sensory or emotional experiences, or jerking on one side of the body, remembers the attack
Complex partial seizures (psychomotor)
Conscious, but “out of it”, may be automatic movements, no memory of attack
what are some generalized seizures?
Absence seizures (petit mal) Tonic-Clonic seizures (grand mal)
what are the Absence seizures (petit mal)?
A few seconds of unresponsiveness, blank staring, and immobility
what are the g, and immobility
Tonic-Clonic seizures (grand mal)
Loss of consciousness, whole-body convulsions of stiffening and jerking movements
