physical and sensory disabilties Flashcards
Gross Motor Skills
Large movements made by your body
E.g. running, jumping, swimming, climbing
Fine Motor Skills
Small movements made using your hands and fingers
E.g. printing, doing up buttons, threading a sewing needle
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)
AKA Dyspraxia
Motor impairment NOT caused by a neurological impairment
Difficulty with acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills
Motor skills deficit interferes with activities of daily living
Not better explained by intellectual disability, visual impairment, or neurological condition (DSM-5)
More common in boys than girls (2:1)
Affects 5-8% of school aged children
what are some of the gross motor skills associated with DCD
Fall frequently
Awkward running pattern
Difficulty imitating body positions
what are some fine motor skills associated with DCD
Difficulty with handwriting, gripping, dressing
what are some psychosocial characteristics associated with DCD?
Lower self-esteem
Academic difficulties
Anxiety
what are some Risk Factors in DCD
Prenatal exposure to alcohol
Preterm and low birth weight
Impairments in visual-motor skills
what are other comorbid DCD disorders?
ADHD (50%) Specific learning disorder Autism spectrum disorder Speech and language disorders Disruptive and emotional behaviour problems
what is Spina Bifida
Neural tube defect
Can result in neurological impairments and physical disability
what is the cause of Spina Bifida?
Neural tube normally closes at 28 days post-conception
Neural tube eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord
In spina bifida, the neural tube doesn’t close properly
what are the three types of Spina Bifida?
Spina Bifida Occulta
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele
Spina Bifida Occulta
Mildest form Small gap in vertebrae of the spine No neurological problems Might have a patch of hair, birthmark, or dimple on back Might not be identified
Meningocele
Protective membranes push out through opening of vertebrae
Spinal cord develops normally
Membranes removed through surgery
Rare form
Myelomeningocele
AKA Open Spina Bifida
Spinal cord and membranes protrude in a sac on the baby’s back
Most severe form
Treated with surgery after birth
May also have hydrocephalus- fluid in the brain
Neurological Impairments in Myelomeningocele
Nerve damage Muscle weakness or paralysis Bowel and bladder problems Seizures Orthopedic problems
Cause Spina Bifida
Caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors
what are some risk factors of Spina Bifida?
Risk factors: Increased maternal body temperature Maternal diabetes and obesity Family history of neural tube defects Vitamin B-9 deficiency Anti-seizure medications
Epilepsy
AKA seizure disorders
Prevalence of 1% of population (at any given time)
Seizures = periods of neural hyperactivity, caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the CNS
what are the two types of partial seizures?
Complex partial seizures (psychomotor)
Simple partial seizures (focal cortical)
what are Simple partial seizures (focal cortical)?
Conscious sensory or emotional experiences, or jerking on one side of the body, remembers the attack
Complex partial seizures (psychomotor)
Conscious, but “out of it”, may be automatic movements, no memory of attack
what are some generalized seizures?
Absence seizures (petit mal) Tonic-Clonic seizures (grand mal)
what are the Absence seizures (petit mal)?
A few seconds of unresponsiveness, blank staring, and immobility
what are the g, and immobility
Tonic-Clonic seizures (grand mal)
Loss of consciousness, whole-body convulsions of stiffening and jerking movements
what are some of the treatments for Epilespy?
Often fully controlled by anticonvulsant medications
Intractable epilepsy = uncontrollable seizures (30%)
Also treated with brain surgery, ketogenic diet, or vagus nerve stimulation
what are some comorbidities associated with Epilespy?
Low-average IQ Memory problems Psychiatric disturbances and ADHD Emotional and behavioural difficulties Fatigue Academic difficulties Family burden Reproductive and hormonal disorders Side effects of medications
what is hearing and deafness impariments
The inability to hear as well as others”
Vary in degree of impairment- ranging from hearing loss to deafness
what are the two Causes of Hearing Impairments?
Congenital Causes, Acquired causes
what is the congential cause of hearing impairments?
Hereditary and non-hereditary genetic factors Maternal infections Low birth weight Lack of oxygen at birth Maternal use of certain medications Severe jaundice
what is the acquired cause of hearing impairments?
Infectious diseases Chronic ear infections Otitis media (collection of fluid in the ear) Injury to head or ear Excessive noise Aging
what are some interventions for hearing impairments?
Prevention
e.g. immunizations for infectious diseases
50% of hearing impairments worldwide can be prevented
Hearing aids
Cochlear implants
Learning sign language
Early identification
what are is Visual Impairments and Blindness?
Vary in degree of impairment- ranging from moderate visual impairment to blindness
Legally blind = less than 20/200 vision while wearing glasses or contacts
what is the causes of visual impariments and blindness?
Congenital eye defects (hereditary or due to maternal rubella)
Uncorrected refractive errors (e.g. myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
Un-operated cataract (clouded lens)
Glaucoma (fluid damages optic nerve)
Age-related macular degeneration
Uncontrolled diabetes
Injury
what are some prevention of visual impairment?
e.g. access to eye care services
80% of visual impairments worldwide can be prevented or cured
what are some treatments of visual impairments?
Glasses or contact lenses Surgery Laser eye surgery To remove cataracts Accommodations such as learning braille or using assistive technology
