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developmental disabilties > physical and sensory disabilties > Flashcards

physical and sensory disabilties Flashcards

1
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

Large movements made by your body

E.g. running, jumping, swimming, climbing

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2
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

Small movements made using your hands and fingers

E.g. printing, doing up buttons, threading a sewing needle

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3
Q

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)

A

AKA Dyspraxia
Motor impairment NOT caused by a neurological impairment
Difficulty with acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills
Motor skills deficit interferes with activities of daily living
Not better explained by intellectual disability, visual impairment, or neurological condition (DSM-5)
More common in boys than girls (2:1)
Affects 5-8% of school aged children

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4
Q

what are some of the gross motor skills associated with DCD

A

Fall frequently
Awkward running pattern
Difficulty imitating body positions

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5
Q

what are some fine motor skills associated with DCD

A

Difficulty with handwriting, gripping, dressing

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6
Q

what are some psychosocial characteristics associated with DCD?

A

Lower self-esteem
Academic difficulties
Anxiety

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7
Q

what are some Risk Factors in DCD

A

Prenatal exposure to alcohol
Preterm and low birth weight
Impairments in visual-motor skills

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8
Q

what are other comorbid DCD disorders?

A 
ADHD (50%)
Specific learning disorder
Autism spectrum disorder
Speech and language disorders
Disruptive and emotional behaviour problems
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9
Q

what is Spina Bifida

A

Neural tube defect

Can result in neurological impairments and physical disability

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10
Q

what is the cause of Spina Bifida?

A

Neural tube normally closes at 28 days post-conception
Neural tube eventually develops into the brain and spinal cord
In spina bifida, the neural tube doesn’t close properly

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11
Q

what are the three types of Spina Bifida?

A

Spina Bifida Occulta
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele

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12
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A 
Mildest form
Small gap in vertebrae of the spine
No neurological problems
Might have a patch of hair, birthmark, or dimple on back
Might not be identified
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13
Q

Meningocele

A

Protective membranes push out through opening of vertebrae
Spinal cord develops normally
Membranes removed through surgery
Rare form

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14
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

AKA Open Spina Bifida
Spinal cord and membranes protrude in a sac on the baby’s back
Most severe form
Treated with surgery after birth
May also have hydrocephalus- fluid in the brain

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15
Q

Neurological Impairments in Myelomeningocele

A 
Nerve damage
Muscle weakness or paralysis
Bowel and bladder problems
Seizures
Orthopedic problems
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16
Q

Cause Spina Bifida

A

Caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors

17
Q

what are some risk factors of Spina Bifida?

A 
Risk factors:
Increased maternal body temperature
Maternal diabetes and obesity
Family history of neural tube defects
Vitamin B-9 deficiency
Anti-seizure medications
18
Q

Epilepsy

A

AKA seizure disorders
Prevalence of 1% of population (at any given time)
Seizures = periods of neural hyperactivity, caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the CNS

19
Q

what are the two types of partial seizures?

A

Complex partial seizures (psychomotor)

Simple partial seizures (focal cortical)

20
Q

what are Simple partial seizures (focal cortical)?

A

Conscious sensory or emotional experiences, or jerking on one side of the body, remembers the attack

21
Q

Complex partial seizures (psychomotor)

A

Conscious, but “out of it”, may be automatic movements, no memory of attack

22
Q

what are some generalized seizures?

A 
Absence seizures (petit mal)
Tonic-Clonic seizures (grand mal)
23
Q

what are the Absence seizures (petit mal)?

A

A few seconds of unresponsiveness, blank staring, and immobility

24
Q

what are the g, and immobility

Tonic-Clonic seizures (grand mal)

A

Loss of consciousness, whole-body convulsions of stiffening and jerking movements

25
Q

what are some of the treatments for Epilespy?

A

Often fully controlled by anticonvulsant medications
Intractable epilepsy = uncontrollable seizures (30%)
Also treated with brain surgery, ketogenic diet, or vagus nerve stimulation

26
Q

what are some comorbidities associated with Epilespy?

A 
Low-average IQ
Memory problems
Psychiatric disturbances and ADHD
Emotional and behavioural difficulties
Fatigue
Academic difficulties
Family burden
Reproductive and hormonal disorders
Side effects of medications
27
Q

what is hearing and deafness impariments

A

The inability to hear as well as others”

Vary in degree of impairment- ranging from hearing loss to deafness

28
Q

what are the two Causes of Hearing Impairments?

A

Congenital Causes, Acquired causes

29
Q

what is the congential cause of hearing impairments?

A 
Hereditary and non-hereditary genetic factors
Maternal infections
Low birth weight
Lack of oxygen at birth
Maternal use of certain medications
Severe jaundice
30
Q

what is the acquired cause of hearing impairments?

A 
Infectious diseases
Chronic ear infections
Otitis media (collection of fluid in the ear)
Injury to head or ear
Excessive noise
Aging
31
Q

what are some interventions for hearing impairments?

A

Prevention
e.g. immunizations for infectious diseases
50% of hearing impairments worldwide can be prevented
Hearing aids
Cochlear implants
Learning sign language
Early identification

32
Q

what are is Visual Impairments and Blindness?

A

Vary in degree of impairment- ranging from moderate visual impairment to blindness
Legally blind = less than 20/200 vision while wearing glasses or contacts

33
Q

what is the causes of visual impariments and blindness?

A

Congenital eye defects (hereditary or due to maternal rubella)
Uncorrected refractive errors (e.g. myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
Un-operated cataract (clouded lens)
Glaucoma (fluid damages optic nerve)
Age-related macular degeneration
Uncontrolled diabetes
Injury

34
Q

what are some prevention of visual impairment?

A

e.g. access to eye care services

80% of visual impairments worldwide can be prevented or cured

35
Q

what are some treatments of visual impairments?

A 
Glasses or contact lenses
Surgery 
Laser eye surgery
To remove cataracts
Accommodations such as learning braille or using assistive technology

developmental disabilties (14 decks)

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