learning disabilties Flashcards
Phonological processing
The sound structure of words
Orthographic processing
The visual features of words
Semantic processing
The meaning of words
Basic Definition of Learning Disabilities
Academic abilities that are lower than expected
Discrepancy between achievement and IQ
Not due to intellectual disability, lack of education, visual or auditory impairment, second language learners, etc.
Risk Factors
Lower household education Male gender Older age English as first language Low SES
Genetics
23-65% of children whose parents have dyslexia
50% of children with siblings with dyslexia
Specific genes identified for dyslexia
Abnormalities in specific brain regions
what are some assessment tools?
Intellectual
E.g. Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC)
Achievement
E.g. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-III)
IQ discrepancy model
Difference between IQ and academic achievement of 1 standard deviation
Low achievement overall
Academic achievement below 25th percentile
Hybrid Model
Low achievement and RTI
Response to Intervention
All children are given standard instruction, and those who are falling behind are given more intensive instruction and their progress is monitored
A child has an LD if they do not respond adequately to instruction that is effective for their peers in learning academic skills
Multiple short assessment probes are given to monitor progress
reasearch catergories of LD
Reading Word recognition Ability to read words Reading fluency Ability to read smoothly Reading comprehension Ability to understand what has been read Mathematics Writing Spelling, handwriting, written composition
DSM-5 Definition- Specific Learning Disorder
A. Difficulties learning and using academic skills, as indicated by the presence of at least one of the following symptoms that have persisted for at least 6 months, despite the provision of interventions that target those difficulties
the difficulties that the DSM-5 outlines for specific learning disorder
Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading
Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read
Difficulties with spelling
Difficulties with written expression
Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation
Difficulties with mathematical reasoning
other criteria for DSM-5 Specific learning disorder
B. Academic skills are lower than expected given the age, interfere with life, and are confirmed through assessment
C. Difficulties begin during school years, but may not be apparent until demands exceed abilities
D. The learning difficulties are not better accounted for by intellectual disabilities, uncorrected visual or auditory acuity, other mental or neurological disorders, psychosocial adversity, lack of proficiency in the language of academic instruction, or inadequate educational institution
