communication disorders

Question 1

Communication

Answer 1

“The act of process involved in the mutual sharing of information between two people”
Shared meaning
More than just talking
Linguistic/Verbal
Nonlinguistic/nonverbal

Question 2

Language

Answer 2

“the code with which one communicates”

Question 3

what are the three components of language?

Answer 3

Form
Content
Use

Question 4

Speech

Answer 4

“The expressive production of sounds which includes an individual’s articulation, fluency, voice, and reasonance quality”

Question 5

what is form?

Answer 5

“Coding of words into meaningful sentences”
Grammar and syntax
Develops with age

Question 6

what is content is the aspect of language?

Answer 6

Semantics of language
Word meanings, abstract word relationships, word choice
Develops with cognitive abilities and experience

Question 7

what is the use in the aspect of langeuage?

Answer 7

Pragmatic/social use of language

E.g. holding a conversation

Question 8

Speech and Language and DD

Answer 8

Communication and cognition are highly related
Speech and language difficulties are common among individuals with DD (about 2/3)
Some are nonverbal (30-50% of those with autism)

Question 9

what are Speech Disorders

Answer 9

“Difficulties producing speech sounds or problems with voice quality”

Question 10

what are Sensory deficits?

Answer 10

Hearing loss interferes with ability to perceive sounds needed for speech production

Question 11

what are some Structural abnormalities when in comes to Speach Disorders?

Answer 11

Physical differences
E.g. cleft palate
Poor muscle tone
E.g. Down Syndrome, Cerebral Palsy

Question 12

what is Apraxia?

Answer 12

inability to program muscle movements needed to speak

Question 13

Developmental delays in speech acquisition

Answer 13

Articulation: way that they sound
Phonology: the way words are grouped

Question 14

what is some typical speach development after 2 years?

Answer 14

50% of speech should be intelligible

Question 15

what is typical speach devleopment after 4 years

Answer 15

most speech should be intelligible

Question 16

what is tpical soeach development after 7 years

Answer 16

most words should be pronounced accurately

Question 17

Speech Sound Disorder

Answer 17

DSM-5 Criteria
Difficulty with speech sound production that interferes with speech intelligibility or prevents verbal communication
Limitations in effective communication
Onset in childhood
Not attributable to medical, sensory, or neurological conditions
may include lispisng

Question 18

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)

Answer 18

DSM-5 Criteria
Disturbances in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that are inappropriate for the individual’s age and language skills, persist over time, and often contain:
Sound and syllable repetitions
Sound prolongations of consonants and vowel
Broken words
Pauses in speech
Word substitutions to avoid problematic words
Words produced with excessive physical tension
Monosyllabic whole-word repetitions (I-I-I-I see him)
Causes anxiety about speaking or limitations in communication
Onset in childhood
Not attributable to motor, sensory, or neurological deficits

Question 19

Language Disorder

Answer 19

“Impairment in the ability to understand and/or use words in context, both verbally and nonverbally”

Question 20

DSM5 criteria for language disorder

Answer 20

DSM-5 Criteria
Difficulties in the acquisition and use of language in multiple modalities due to deficits in comprehension
Reduced vocabulary
Limited sentence structure
Impairments in discourse (explaining things)
Functional limitations
Onset in childhood
Not caused by DD, sensory impairment, physical impairment

Question 21

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

Answer 21

Persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication
Deficits in communicating for social purposes appropriate to the social context
Impairment of the ability to change communication to match context
Difficulties following rules for conversation, storytelling, regulating interactions
Difficulties with nonliteral or ambiguous meanings of language (e.g. sarcasm, metaphors)
Results in functional limitations in communication
Onset in childhood
Not attributable to other medical or neurological conditions, DD, or autism
Rarely diagnosed before 4-5 years
Commonly associated with language impairments

Question 22

selective Mutism

Answer 22

An anxiety disorder, rather than a communication disorder

Question 23

selevtive mutism DSM 5 criteria

Answer 23

Consistent failure to speech in certain social situations, despite speaking in other situations
Interferes with school, work, or social life
Duration of more than 1 month
Not attributable to a lack of knowledge of the language
Not better explained by a communication disorder, autism, or psychotic disorder

Question 24

Central Auditory Processing Disorder

Answer 24

Results from a deficit in neural processing of auditory stimuli
Not related to higher order language or cognitive ability

Question 25

Expansion

Answer 25

expand the sentence with correct grammar

“I goed to the park” “Cool, you went to the park yesterday?”

Question 26

Simple expatiation

Answer 26

expand on the sentence, keeping it relevant

“I goed to the park” “You went to the park? Did you get to play on the slide?”

Question 27

Alternative model

Answer 27

ask about the meaning of a sentence

Question 28

Completion

Answer 28

provide a sentence stem

“What did you do yesterday? I went to the….” “park!”

Question 29

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)

Answer 29

“Approaches that add to or replace a persons natural speech and/or writing abilities to communicate”

Question 30

Manding

Answer 30

teaching a child to make requests

Question 31

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

Answer 31

Can range from making simple requests to making sentences

Individuals may carry around a binder full of pictures

Question 32

Functional Communication Training

Answer 32

“Teaching a replacement behaviour that serves the same communicative function as the challenging behaviour”

E.g. student engages in SIB, is removed from classroom