Physical and Cognitive Development of Middle Childhood Flashcards
4 features of middle childhood body growth
Slow regular pace
Bone lengthens
Muscles flexible
Permanent teeth appear
What part of the body grows fastest during middle childhood?
Lower body
Girls are shorter and lighter until what age?
9
3 Health issues in middle childhood
Malnutrition
Obesity
Illness
Obesity
Greater than 20% increase over healthy weight based on BMI
3 physical symptoms of obesity
High blood pressure and cholesterol
Respiratory Problems
Insulin resistance
5 Lifelong problems arising from obesity
Heart disease Diabetes Gallbladder disease Cancer Early death
6 Causes of obesity
Overweight parents Low SES Parental feeding Insufficient sleep Low physical activity Eating out
3 components of a family based obesity intervention?
Diet
Exercise
Positive reinforcement
When are illness rates for children the highest?
During the first two years of elementary school
What percentage of children have a chronic illness?
15%
What is the most common childhood chronic illness?
Asthma
What amount of childhood chronic conditions are accounted for by asthma?
1/3
Asthma
Bronchial tubes are highly sensitive to stimuli
5 Risk factors of astma
Heredity Pollution Stress Poor healthcare Obesity
5 improvements in gross motor skills
Flexibility Balance Agility Force Reaction time
2 improvements in fine motor activity
Drawing
Writing
What 3 social factors contribute to sex differences in motor development?
Parental expectations
Self- perceptions
Coaching and media
What skill promotes popularity in games with rules?
Perspective taking
Rough and Tumble play
Friendly chasing and play fighting
When does rough and tumble play occur?
Begins in preschool and peaks in middle childhood
Concrete Operational Stage
7-11 years. Thought is more flexible, logical and organized
Conservation
Passing conseration tasks shows development of operations
2 constructs of conservation?
Decentration
Reversability
Decentration
Focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them
Reversibility
Think through a series of steps and mentally reverse the direction
Classification
Between 7 and 10, kids pass the Class Inclusion Problem showing they are more aware of classification hierarchies
Seriation
Ability to order items along a quantitative dimension
When does seriation appear?
6-7
Transitive Inference
Ability to seriate mentally
When does transitive inference appear?
7
Cognitive Map
Mental representations of familiar large scale spaces
Spatial reasoning in pre school
Include landmark on maps and location of objects
Spatial reasoning for 8-10 year olds
Landmarks along organized route of travel
Spatial reasoning at end of middle childhood
Overall view of large scale space and mastery of scale
Limitations of Concrete Operational Thought
Children can only think logically when dealing with concrete info, they struggle with abstract ideas
Continuum of acquisition
Children master concrete operational tasks gradually
Neo- Piagetian Theorists
Operational thinking is gains in information processing rather than shift tot a new stage
3 improvements in attention
Selective
Adaptable
Planful
Order of acquired memory strategies
Rehearsal
Organization
Elaboration
When does rehearsal appear?
Early grade school
When does organization appear?
Early grade school
When does elaboration occur?
End of middle childhood
Organization
Grouping related items together
Elaboration
Creating relationships between pieces of info that should not occur in the same category
ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
3 Symptoms of ADHD
Inattention
Impulsivity
Excessive motor activity
In what percentage of children with ADHD are stimulant medication effective?
70%
What is the difference in memory strategies between Western and non- Western nations?
Western use memory strategies while other nations use everyday cues.
What are 2 contributing skills to the Theory of Mind?
Mental inference
False belief knowledge
Cognitive Self- regulation
Continuously monitoring progress towards a goal, checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts
3 Strategies in improving cognitive self- regulation
Point out important features of tasks
Suggest effective learning strategies
Emphasize monitoring of progress
3 constructs of reading skill
Phonological awareness
Processing speed
Visual discrimination
Whole language approach
Children should be exposed to complete text from the beginning to teach communicative function of written language
Phonics Approach
Children should first be coached on phonics before complex reading material
What approaches should be combined to best teach kids math?
Drill
Number Sense
Stanford - Binet Intelligence Scale
Age 2+. 5 intellectual factors tested with verbal and non verbal methods as well as general intelligence
Wechsler Scale of Intelligence
6-16. General intelligence and 4 broad factors.
What is significant about the Wechsler scale?
It downplays culturally dependant knowledge
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Intelligent behaviour is balancing 3 intelligences according to personal goals and expectations of the community
3 intelligences of Sternberg’s theory
Analytical
Creative
Practical
Analytical Intelligence
Information processing components that underlie all intelligent acts
3 constructs of analytical intelligence
Apply strategies
Acquire metacognition knowledge
Self- regulation
Creative intelligence
Make processing skills automatic to free working memory for complex thinking to solve novel problems
Practical Intelligence
Goal oriented activity aimed at adapting to, shaping and selecting environments that meet personla goals and the demands of the everyday world
Gardners Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence in terms of processing operations to perform culturally valued activities
Which inteligence test dismisses the notion of general intelligence?
Gardners theory of multiple intelligence
8 Gardner’s multiple intelligences
Linguistic Logico- mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily- kinesthetic Naturalist Interpersonal Intrapersonal
Secular Trend
Generational rise in average IQ
Cultural test bias
Testing skills that kids don not have equal opportunity to learn
4 cultural influences on IQ test results
Test bias
Communication Styles
Knowledge
Stereotype threats
What are the 2 communication styles?
Hierarchial and collaborative
Stereotype Threat
Fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype
White parent communication style
Knowledge training questions
Hierarchial communication
Minority parent communication style
Analogy or story starter questions foster verbal skills
Collaborative communication
How to reduce cultural test bias?
Combine test scores with an assessment of adaptive behaviour
Dynamic Asessment
Adult introduces purposeful teaching into testing to see what child can attain with support
How much does vocabulary improve during middle childhood?
Fourfold
What gains in grammar occur in middle childhood?
Passive voice
Infinitive phrases
What gains in pragmatics occur in middle childhood?
Adjusting speech to people and situations
Phrase requests to get what they want
What percentage of kids are in french immersion?
7%
6 factors of high quality elementary education
Class size Physical setting Curiculum Teacher/ child interaction Progress evaluations Relationship with family
What is the optimum class size?
No more than 18
Traditional Classroom
Teacher is sole authority and kids are passive listeners
Constructivist classroom
Encourage students to construct their own knowledge
What educational philosophy is grounded in Piaget’s theory?
Constructivist
What are the 4 factors of a social constructivist classroom?
Teachers and kids are partners in learning
Many types of symbolic communication
Adapt teaching to kids zone of proximal development
Cooperative learning among students
What 2 teacher behaviours impede achievement?`
Repetitive drill
Bias for well behaved students
Education self- fulfilling prophecies
Children live up to teacher’s views of them
Inclusive Classrooms
Special needs kids learn alongside typical students to prepare them to participate in society
Mild mental retardation
IQ between 55 and 70
Learning Disability
Great difficulty in one or more aspect of learning, usually reading
What percentage of children have a learning disability?
5-10%
What causes learning disabilities?
Deficits in brain functioning
What is the best learning environment for children with learning disabilities?
Least restrictive environment- Combination of inclusive classroom and resource room
Creativity
Ability to produce original, appropriate work that is useful in some way
Divergent Thinking
Generating multiple, unusual possibilities for a problem
Convergent Thinking
Generating correct answer
What type of thinking is emphasized on intelligence tests?
Convergent
Gifted
Exceptional intellectual strengths
Talented
Outstanding in a specific field
USA education
Less challenging teaching, emphasis on absorbing facts
Finland education
Nationally mandated curricula, teaching practices and assessments foster problem solving, initiative and creativity
Asian education
Belief that all children can succeed with enough effort
