Emotional and Social Development of Middle Childhood Flashcards
Industrious
Pursuit of meaningful achievement in one’s culture
What Erikson stage occurs in middle childhood?
Industry vs. Inferiority
Industry
Developing a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks
Inferirority
Pessimism and lack of confidence in ability to do things well
Why does inferiority vs industry happen?
When children enter school they begin to size up their abilities
At what age do kids emphasize competencies over specific behaviours?
8-11
What contributes to kids begining emphasizing competancies?
Cognitive gains and perspective taking
What culture are more likely to value personal attributes over group membership?
Western culture
When does childrens self esteem lower?
When they enter school and their self esteem becomes more realistic
What is most strongly correlated with childrens self worth?
Physical appearance
What are the 4 constructs of the hierarchial structure of self esteem?
Academic
Social
Physical/ Athletic
Physical appearance
Asian self esteem
Strong emphasis on social comparison lowers self esteem
In what areas do girls have higher self esteem?
Language arts, friendship and social acceptance
In what areas do boys have higher self esteem?
Math, science and athletics
What parenting style promotes self esteem?
Authoritative
Attributions
Common explanations for causes of behaviour
What are the 3 attributions of child behaviour?
Luck
Ability
Effort
Mastery Oriented Attributions
Crediting success to ability and attributing failure to controllable factors that can be overcome by effort
Learned Helplessness
Credit success to external factors and attribute failure to lack of ability
Which achievement related attribution believes that ability is fixed?
Learned helplessness
Which achievement related attribution promotes high self esteem?
Mastery oriented attributions
What parenting practice makes children adopt a fixed sense of ability?
Evaluation of traits
Who is more likely to be learned helpless?
Girls, low SES and minorities
Attribution Retraining
Intervention for learned helplessness kids
Self Conscious emotions
Pride and guilt governed by personal responsibility
Pride
Motivates children to take on further challenges
Guilt
Make amends and strive for self- improvement but too much leads to depression
3 constructs of emotional understanding
Explain internal states
Understand mixed emotions
Increased empathy
Problem centred coping
Appraise situation as changeable, ID problem and find a solution
Emotional Centred coping
If problem centred doesnt work, internal controlling distress when outcome is out of control
Emotional Self Efficacy
Ability to be in control of emotional experience
3 Types of in group bias
In group favoritism
Out group prejudice
Out group favoritism
In Group Favoritism
Prefering your own group
Out group prejudice
Assigning negative beliefs and stereotypes to minorites
Out Group favoritism
Assigning positive traits to priveledged white people and negative beliefs about their own group
3 individual factors of prejudice
Fixed view of personality traits
Overly high self- esteem
Social world where people are sorted into groups
3 ways to reduce prejudice
Long- term intergroup contact
Fostering belief that personality traits can be changed
Volunteer to help the needy
Peer Groups
Collectives that generate unique values and standards for behaviour and social structure of leaders and followers
Peer Culture
Vocabulary, dress code, gathering place
Social Prominence
Childrens’ judgements of peers that most of their classmates admire
4 types of peer acceptance
Popular
Rejected
Controversial
Neglected
Popular Prosocial
Combine academic and social competance
Popular Antisocial
Relationally aggressive kids who enhance their own status by excluding, ignoring or spreading rumours
Rejected Aggressive
Conflict, aggression, hyperactive, innatentive, impulsive behaviour
Rejected Withdrawn
Passive and socially awkward
Controversial
Large number of positive and negative opinions of them
Neglected
Seldom mentioned positively or negatively
4 ways to help rejected children
Coach positive social skills
Promote perspective taking and problem solving
Alter peers negative opinions
Intervene in negative parenting practices
What percentage of children are bullies and victims?
20% bullies
25% victims
Who are most likely to be bullies?
Boys who are physically, verbally and relationally aggressive
What gender stereotyped behaviours are praised in boys and girls?
Praise boys for knowledge and girls for obedience
3 self evaluations of gender
Gender typicality
Gender contentedness
Pressure to conform to gender roles
Coregulation
Parents exercise oversight but let children take charge on moment to moment decision making
What are the immediate consequences of divorce?
Drop in income
Parental stress
Disorganized home life
What percentage of divorced parents remarry within a few years?
60%
What is the most common kind of blended family?
Mother/ Stepfather
How do children adapt to a mother/ stepfather relationship?
Boys adapt quickly but girls adjust less favorably
Older children show more problems
How do children adapt to a father/ stepmother relationship?
Leads to reduced father- child contact
All children react negatively
Girls are slow to warm but adjust favourably
3 benefits of maternal employment
Higher self esteem and better grades
Increased father involvement and positive social relations
Fewer gender stereotypes
Drawback of maternal employment?
High employment demands are associated with ineffective parenting
5 common fears of middle childhood
Poor academic performance Peer rejection Personal harm Threat to parents health Frightening media events
When do kids fear maternal seperation at school?
5-7
When do children fear particular aspects of school?
11-13
Who are the most common victims of sexual abuse?
Girls in middle childhood
Who is the most likely sexual abuser?
Male who is a family member or who is known by a family member
4 factors contributing to resilience
Personal characteristics
Warm parental relationship
Supportive adult outside family
Community resources
