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Development > Physical and Cognitive Development of Adolescence > Flashcards

Physical and Cognitive Development of Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Perspective of adolescence

A

Flood of biological processes leads to adult body and sexual maturity in puberty

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2
Q

Storm and Stress

A

Created by G Stanley Hall- Biological perspective comparing adolescence to the extremely turbulent time where human savages became civilized

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3
Q

Margaret Mead

A

Margaret Mead described social and cultural influence on how kids experience adolescence

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4
Q

Social Perspective of adolescence

A

Social environment is responsible for range in teenage experience

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5
Q

Balanced View of Adolescence

A

Biological, psychological and social influences

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6
Q

When do hormonal changes begin?

A

8-9

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7
Q

What hormones contribute to gains in body size and sexual maturity?

A

Growth hormone and thyroxine

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones in puberty?

A

Estrogens

Androgens

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9
Q

Adrenal Androgens

A

Released by adrenal glands in girls and contribute to height spurt and body hair growth

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10
Q

Testoreone

A

Androgen released by boys testes

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11
Q

When is the growth spurt for girls and boys?

A

Boys- 12.5- 17.5

Girls- 10- 16

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12
Q

What changes in proportions are experienced in puberty?

A

Boys- shoulders broaden and legs become longer

Girls- hips broaden

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13
Q

Primary Sexual Characteristics

A

Maturation of reproductive organs

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14
Q

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

A

Visible changes on the outside of the body

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15
Q

Menarche

A

First menstruation

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16
Q

When does menstruation usually occur?

A

10.5- 15.5

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17
Q

Spermarche

A

First ejaculation

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18
Q

When does spermarche usually occur?

A

13.5

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19
Q

5 factors contributing to individual differences in puberty

A 
Heredity
Nutrition/ exercise
SES
Early family experience
Secular trend
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20
Q

Prefrontal cognitive control

A

Teens can’t do tasks involving inhibition, planning or future orientation

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21
Q

What is the effect of excitatory neurotransmitters during adolescence?

A

Neurons are more responsive so teens react more strongly to stress and experience more pleasure

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22
Q

Girls reaction to pubertal changes?

A

Surprise and mixed feeling. Advanced knowledge helps

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23
Q

Boys reaction to pubertal changes?

A

Mixed feelings. Recieve less peer support so advanced knowledge is important

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24
Q

Psychological Distancing

A

We are evolutionarily prepared to leave our parents during puberty but teens in our time can’t leave home so they become moody

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25
Q

Early maturing girls

A

Unpopular, low self esteem, negative body image and more deviant behaviour

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26
Q

Early maturing boys

A

Popular, positive body images, leaders but display more deviant behaviour

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27
Q

Late maturing girls

A

Popular leaders with positive body image

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28
Q

Late maturing boys

A

Unpopular, anxiety, less positive body image

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29
Q

2 factors effecting reactions to pubertal timing

A

How closely body matches cultural ideals of physical atractiveness
How they fit in physically amongst their peers

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30
Q

What are 3 consequences of lack of sleep?

A

Reduced achievement
Depression and anxiety
High risk behaviours

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31
Q

What parenting style contributes to anorexia?

A

Controlling

32
Q

3 contributions to anorexia?

A

Heredity
Neurotransmitter abnormalities for impulse and anxiety
Parenting style

33
Q

What type of person is most likely effected by bullimia?

A

Impulsive young people who lack self control

34
Q

What parenting style contributes to bulimia?

A

Disengaged, emotionally absent

35
Q

Personal characteristics of sexually active?

A

Early pubertal timing
Impulsivity
Weak sense of personal control

36
Q

Family characteristics of sexually active?

A

Broken or large family
Lack of religion
Lack of parental monitoring

37
Q

Peer characteristics of sexually active?

A

Sexually active friends and older siblings

Alcohol/ drug use

38
Q

What percentage of teens do not use contraception regularly?

A

20%

39
Q

Possible causes of homosexuality

A

X- linked heredity
Prenatal Sex hormones
Birth order

40
Q

3 stages of coming out

A 
Feeling different (6-12)
Confusion (11-15)
Self acceptance (End of adolescence)
41
Q

When and where are STI rates the highest?

A

USA during adolescence

42
Q

How many sexually active teens have an STI?

A

1/5 - 1/6

43
Q

How long does it take for AIDS symptoms to appear?

A

8- 10 years

44
Q

How many teen pregnancies were reported last year?

A

727,000

45
Q

How many teen pregancies were younger than 15?

A

12,000

46
Q

How many teen pregnancies end in abortion?

A

1/4

47
Q

What percentage of births to unwed mothers are adolescents?

A

87%

48
Q

What are the 3 factors contributing to an increase in teen pregnancy?

A

Effective sex ed reaches too few teens
Low cost contraceptive services are scarce
Many families live in poverty causing teens to take more risks

49
Q

By grade 10 what percentage of kids have tried cigarettes, alcohol and illegal drugs

A

33%
58%
37%

50
Q

What percentage of kids smoke regularly by the end of hiughschool

A

11%

51
Q

What percentage of kids report heavy drinking by the end of highschool

A

27%

52
Q

What percentage of kids have used highly addictive drugs by the end of highschool

A

25%

53
Q

Experimenters

A

Psychologically healthy, sociable, sensation seeking

54
Q

Abusers

A

Family mental/ substance problems. low SES, impulsive and hostile

55
Q

Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage

A

Develop capacity for abstract, systematic, scientific thinking

56
Q

Hypothetico Deductive reasoning

A

Problem solving based on hypothesis, deducing logical, testable inferences

57
Q

Propositional Thought

A

Evaluating logic of verbal propositions without using real life circumstances

58
Q

When do kids show the beginnings of formal operational thought

A

School age

59
Q

What 3 factors contribute to formal operational thought

A

Schooling
Training
Conxtext

60
Q

8 gains in executive function

A 
Attention
Inhibition
Strategies
Knowledge
Metacognition
Cognitive self regulation
Speed of thinking
Processing capacity
61
Q

Scientific Reasoning

A

Coordinating theories with evidence

62
Q

4 contributing factors to scientific reasoning

A

Working memory capacity
Exposure to complex problems
Metacognitive understanding
Open mindedness

63
Q

3 consequences of cognitive change

A

Self conscious and self focusing
Idealism and criticism
Decision making

64
Q

2 distorted realities that make teens self councious

A

Imaginary audience

Personal fable

65
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

Belief they are the focus of everyone’s attention and concern

66
Q

Personal fable

A

Certain that other’s are observing and thinking about them, teens develop an inflated opinion of their own importance

67
Q

Idealism

A

Teens imagine an ideal world and wish to explore it

68
Q

Criticism

A

When teen’s lives fall short of their ideals, they become hyper- critical

69
Q

Decision making

A

Influenced by immediate reward

70
Q

What 2 factors cause grades to decline during school transitions

A

Higher academic standards

Less supportive learning environments

71
Q

Multiple Problem youth

A

Have academic and mental health problems. Greatest academic decline

72
Q

5 ways to help school adjustment

A 
Parent involvement
Close friendships
Smaller units within school
Same ethnicity peers
Home room teacher relationships
73
Q

3 factors for academic achievement

A

Child rearing style
Peer influence
Classroom experience

74
Q

Which parenting style supports academic achievement

A

Authoritative

75
Q

Who has the highest drip out rates

A

Boys and low SES minorities

76
Q

5 ways to prevent dropout

A 
Remedial instruction
Personalized counselling
High quality vocational training
Address personal factors of dropout
Extracurricular participation

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