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GDA > Physical and Cognitive development in Early childhood: 2-6 years old > Flashcards

Physical and Cognitive development in Early childhood: 2-6 years old Flashcards

1
Q

Body Growth

A 
slower pattern of growth
-2 to 3 inches
-5 pounds
torso lengthens and widens
spine straightens
more muscles
no longer need to control body temp with fat
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2
Q

Brain development

A

Increases from 70% - 90% of its adult weight
Establishing links
Lateralization: shape of brain starts to even out
-right or left side dominance

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3
Q

Organization of endocrine system

A

Glands: ductless tissue
-secretes hormones
-only respond to hormones they are connected to: specialized
Hormones: specialized compounds
-regulate activity of their tissues/organs

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4
Q

What do hormones regulate?

A

1) Growth and maturation - Morphogenesis
2) Respond to stimuli - Integration (internal and external)
3) Internal environment - Maintenance

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5
Q

What are hormones made from?

A

Proteins: consume a.a. , which goes towards hormone production
Steroids: made from fats
Amines: non essential
Fatty acids: made from fat consumed

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6
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Too little -> appropriate endocrine gland produces its hormone ->increased production/ release

Example - Pancreas:

  • eat, blood sugar goes rapidly increases, not normal
  • insulin released, to regulate and lower
  • if blood sugar low: glucagon promotes production of sugar from other sources
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7
Q

“Master Gland” - Pituitary

A

Brain(hypothalamus) -> pituitary stalk -> pituitary gland

Sella turcia of sphenoid: pituitary is housed

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8
Q

Lobes of pituitary

A

Anterior: growth an maturation controlled here
Posterior: doesn’t do a lot physically, makes connections and a thin layer of cells called intermediate layer
Intermediate layer: responsible for temporary change in skin tone

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9
Q

Growth hormone (Anterior)

A

Pulse released in response to low blood sugar
-deep sleep
-children > adults
increased synthesis of new proteins from a.a.
body fat to glucose
age graded
Children: increase production of proteins
Adults: lower levels- fat to glucose for times of need

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10
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone(Anterior)

A

Thyroid hormone (TH - thyroxine)
increased basal metabolic rate (BMR) -> oxygen uptake and energy expenditure
GH must have TH- TH exists for our body to have GH
Controls BMR: minimum amount of energy needed at rest
body is sensitive to extremes (emotions, temp)- causes TH to fluctuate -> increase release of GH

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11
Q

Corticotrophin(Anterior)

A

Adrenals:

  • outer: (adrenal cortex) and inner ( adrenal medulla) portions
  • cortex secretes steroids and anabolic hormones
  • medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline)
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12
Q

Gonadotropins(Anterior)

A

ovaries and testes

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13
Q

Vasopressin (posterior)

A

water regulation, modulates BP

-homeostasis: regularly released, conserves water when dehydrated

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14
Q

Disordered Growth

A

GH, TH, Adrenals

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15
Q

Excess GH

A

Similar to diabetes mellitus

no reason to worry, as long as it stops postnatally

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16
Q

Types of diabetes

A

Type I: Insulin dependent
-pancreas doesn’t produce inulin
Type II: Non-insulin dependent
-cells unable to absorb blood glucose properly
-later in life, can be cause by lifestyle

17
Q

Gigantism(GH)

A

pre-pubertal

can try to counter GH by muting it- not always possible

18
Q

Acromegaly (GH)

A

post-pubertal

bones can’t grow length wise anymore, grow width wise

19
Q

Hyposecretion

A

growth failure at an early stage

-growth charts can indicate abnormalities in growth

20
Q

Psychosocial dwarfism

A

institutionalized children were exposed to bad environment- sadistic teacher
many so distressed GH/TH was suppressed- led to form of dwarfism
when removed, (after 3 months) physiological markers returned to normal

21
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

1) Autoimmune disorders: body attacks itself
- Graves diseases: physical characteristics
2) Thyroiditis: swelling of thyroid gland
- oversecretion in youth can lead to undersecretion in adults ( only 3% of pop. will suffer from this)

22
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

1) Thyroiditis: lowers release of thyroid
- if detected early can be fixed
2) Nodular: growth on thyroid gland
- reduces amount of TH produced( obesity potential symptom)

23
Q

Cortisol

A

Regulate and control breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats for energy

24
Q

Too little cortisol

A

Addisons- connected to stress and how it’s managed

  • no relationship to growth patterns
  • perceive to mismanage life stress
  • darkening of skin tone
25
Q

Too much cortisol

A

Cushing’s- decreased growth

-temporary

26
Q

Gross motor development

A

COG shifts down-up
Gait pattern progresses- perform movement in alternating patterns
mobility is independent
many children start organized sports

27
Q

Fine Motor development

A

dressing: zippers, large buttons, Velcro
utensils: start with spoons(ulnar grasp), move to forks
cognitive combination: attached to drawings- show what they know or think

28
Q

Piagets preoperational stage

A

1) Egocentrism
2) Inability to conserve
3) Lack of hierarchical classification

29
Q

Egocentrism

A

representation of world is only from their perspective- self focus
3 mountain problem

30
Q

Inability to conserve

A

sameness in physical characteristics despite change
-centration: focus too narrow
-perception bound: looks like therefore must be
-state vs transformations - unrelated: see what is happening but can’t detect change
4 errors: liquid, numbers, mass, length

31
Q

Lack of hierarchical classification

A

Can’t organize on basis of similarities and differences
Class inclusion problems - flower example
Lose this quickly

32
Q

Language development

A

Age 6= 10 000 words
Fast mapping: allows us to increase vocab
-attach name to thing/action/person quicker
Develop grammar and conversation

33
Q

Grammar

A

Meaningful phrases and sentences
2-3: subject-verb-object order “I take car”
Make adjustments: pluralize, tenses, prepositions
The more words you know, the more mistakes you make with grammar

34
Q

Conversation

A

Pragmatics: engage in effective an appropriate conversation - taking turns, responding, maintain

35
Q

Oxytocin (posterior)

A

uterine motility/ lactation

-during labor: defacement

GDA (6 decks)

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