Physical and Cognitive development in Adolescence

Question 1

The physical transition

Answer 1

Females: start earlier and appear bigger
-2 year gap
GH/TH increases
-reason unknown, potentially age related
Females have more estrogen
Males have more androgen

Question 2

Pubertal changes

Answer 2

1) Overall body growth

2) Maturation of sex characteristics

Question 3

Body Growth

Answer 3

First physical sign of puberty-growth spurt
start/END
- F: 8/16
-M: 10/17.5

Question 4

Body proportions

Answer 4

Growth patterns reversed: head to toe pattern and internal to external
Torso: most growth comes from here
Boys spend 2 years longer in this phase, their limbs grow
-grow in upper body (shoulders) , why the tend to be taller
Women grow in lower torso(hips)

Question 5

Menarche

Answer 5

Sexual maturation in F- 10.5-16.5 years

first movement through bleeding phase of cycle

Question 6

Natures delay in F

Answer 6

Body doesn’t allow one to move through menarche until it feels it can carry an organism through full gestational period
-may go through menarche, wont produce ovum
3-4 years in length

Question 7

Onset of Maturation F

Answer 7

Role of heredity: gives approximation of when menarche will start
Environmental:
-delay: intense physical training or decrease intake (need body fat to produce estrogen, lacking means you don’t go through sexual maturation), stress
-initiate: obesity r increase socioeconomic status (SES)

Question 8

Physiology of F reproductive System

Answer 8

Egg number is constant
Atresia: destructive egg loss-still left with plenty of eggs
Puberty ( approx. 40 000) to menopause

Question 9

Oogenesis

Answer 9

Beginning of and egg
Oogonia: cells found in ovaries

Oogonia -> primary oocytes -> fist polar body ( n + n) and second oocytes -> ( n + ovum)

all ‘n’ produced are useless

Question 10

Spermarche

Answer 10

sexual maturation in males: 12 to 16

enlargement of testes: 9.5 to 13.5 ( most accurate)

Question 11

Natures delay in M

Answer 11

sperm production is immature

Question 12

Spermatogenesis

Answer 12

Spermatogonia (sperm seed) -> 2n: type A daughter cells disappear and 2n: type B cell (primary spermatocyte)

2n type B -> n and n (secondary spermatocytes) -> n+n and n+n ( spermatids - non viable)

Question 13

Spermiogenesis

Answer 13

Becomes sperm or spermatozoon with 3 regions

Question 14

3 sections of the sperm

Answer 14

Head: contains all genetic material and sex chromosomes
Mid-piece: contains metabolic information
Tail: locomotion

Question 15

Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning

Answer 15

General theory -> deduce -> hypothesis
Problem solving: possibility -> reality
Eg: pendulum problem : what influences speed

Question 16

Difference between concrete and formal operational?

Answer 16

Scientific reasoning

Have capacity to move to formal operational, but not everyone does

Question 17

Propositional Thought

Answer 17

‘Either or’ ‘versus’ or ‘and’ statements

about logic- ask questions using either/or statements: concrete operational can’t see difference, answer wrong

Question 18

Abstract thought

Answer 18

1) Argumentative: shows transition and is a misuse of abstract thought
2) Self-consciousness and self- focusing: social norms= distorted views
- a) Imaginary audience- feel we are on stage
- b) personal fable-level of importance you have in certain environments
3) Idealism and criticism: utopia, strive to live in that world
- think they can understand other groups of people