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Environmental Engineering > Physical and Chemical Water Treatment Methods, Disinfection > Flashcards

Physical and Chemical Water Treatment Methods, Disinfection Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of water

A

Physical, Chemical and Biological

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2
Q

Physical characteristics of water

A

Temperature, color, taste, odor

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3
Q

Chemical characteristics of water

A

Acidity, salinity

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4
Q

Biological characteristics of water

A

Bacteria, protozoans

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5
Q

Water Quality Standards

A

Turbidity, Acidity, Total Dissolved Salts, Color, Disinfectant Residual

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6
Q

Measure of haziness or clarity of a liquid

A

Turbidity

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7
Q

Turbidity Philippine Standard

A

5.0 NTU

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8
Q

NTU

A

Nephelometric Turbidity

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9
Q

Measure of dissolved solids per volume of liquid

A

Total Dissolved Salts

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10
Q

Total Dissolved Salts Philippine Standard

A

500 mg/L

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11
Q

Indication of relative purity of a liquid

A

Color

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12
Q

Color Philippine Standard

A

10 CU

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13
Q

CU

A

Color Unit

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14
Q

Measure of residue from disinfection of a liquid

A

Disinfectant Residual

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15
Q

Disinfectant Residual Philippine Standard

A

0.3 mg/L - 1.5 mg/L

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16
Q

Purpose of industrial water treatment

A

Eliminate unwanted impurities from water

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17
Q

Types of water treatment

A

Physical Water Treatment, Chemical Water Treatment

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18
Q

Typically consists of filtration techniques involving screens, sand filtration, or
filtration membranes

A

Physical Water Treatment

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19
Q

Types of Physical Water Treatment

A

Greensand Filtration, Multimedia Filtration, Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis

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20
Q

An effective filtration medium for the removal of dissolved iron, hydrogen sulphide, and manganese from water

A

Greensand Filtration

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21
Q

Mineral commonly referred to as
green sand and is used in greensand filtration

A

Glauconite

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22
Q

Uses at least three different layers of filtration media, typically anthracite, sand and garnet, to filter water

A

Multimedia Filtration

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23
Q

Suspended solids, including clay, algae, silt, rust,
and other organic matter are removed

A

Multimedia Filtration

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24
Q

This filtration method can remove particles from 10 to 25 microns in size

A

Multimedia Filtration

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25
Q

Uses a barrier membrane to filter very small suspended solids from water

A

Microfiltration

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26
Q

Capable of removing contaminants ranging from 0.1 to 10 microns in size

A

Microfiltration

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27
Q

Ideal for removing suspended solids, algae and protozoans

A

Micro Filtration

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28
Q

Sometimes used as a pretreatment method
upstream of reverse osmosis

A

Ultra Filtration

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29
Q

Uses pressure to separate solids from water

A

Ultra Filtration

30
Q

Capable of removing suspended solids, bacteria and certain viruses ranging from 0.005 to 0.01
micron in size

A

Ultrafiltration

31
Q

Sometimes referred to as the “softening membrane”

A

Nano Filtration

32
Q

Features even smaller pores than that of Ultra Filtration

A

Nano Filtration

33
Q

Capable of removing particles like bacteria, viruses and divalent and multivalent ions (e.g.
calcium, magnesium), ranging from 0.005 to
0.001 micron in size

A

Nano Filtration

34
Q

Most common physical water treatment method

A

Reverse Osmosis

35
Q

Uses applied pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane

A

Reverse Osmosis

36
Q

Removes impurities such as dissolved ions (e.g., sodium), bacteria, viruses, and other contaminants ranging from 0.005 to 0.0001
micron in size

A

Reverse Osmosis

37
Q

Treatment of wastewater by process involving chemical treatment

A

Chemical Water Treatment

38
Q

Types of Chemical Water Treatment

A

Neutralization, Flocculants and Coagulants, Oxidation, Ion Exchange, Ozonation, Disinfection

39
Q

Adjusts the pH value of water to meet the requirements of processing units in the
wastewater treatment system

A

Neutralization

40
Q

Used to treat acid wastewaters containing metals

A

Neutralization

41
Q

Destabilizes the forces keeping colloids apart

A

Coagulants

42
Q

Gather the destabilized particles together and cause them to agglomerate and drop out of the solution

A

Flocculants

43
Q

Used in effluent water treatment processes for solids removal, water clarification, lime softening, sludge thickening, and solids dewatering

A

Flocculants and Coagulants

44
Q

Reduces the biochemical oxygen demand of wastewater, and may reduce the
toxicity of some impurities

45
Q

Widely used for disinfection

A

Chemical Oxidation

46
Q

Occurs between a resin/zeolite and a liquid, where less desired compounds are swapped for more desired ones through the addition of ions

A

Ion Exchange

47
Q

Commonly used for water softening and
demineralization, removing dissolved ionic
contaminants from water

A

Ion Exchange

48
Q

Ozone (O3) is added in and degrades both metal and biological contaminants in water, which are removed post-filtration.

49
Q

Added in and degrades both metal and biological contaminants in water, which are
removed post-filtration

A

Ozone (O3)

50
Q

Used to eliminate a wide variety of inorganic,
organic, and microbiological problems as well as taste and odor problems

51
Q

Process where a chemical disinfectant is added
into the water for the purpose of removal or
killing of pathogenic microorganisms

A

Disinfection

52
Q

Used to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in water for use in drinking,
bathing, etc.

A

Disinfection

53
Q

Refers to the process of removing many or all harmful germs from inanimate items, excluding bacterial spores

A

Disinfection

54
Q

Greenish-yellow gas mostly used as a water disinfectant

A

Chlorine Gas

55
Q

Advantages of Chlorine Gas

A
  1. Chlorination is a cheaper source than UV or ozone for disinfecting water
  2. Very effective against a wide range of pathogenic
    microorganisms
  3. Dosage rates are controlled easily
56
Q

Limitations of Chlorine Gas

A
  1. Imparts bad tastes and odors unto the water.
  2. May create byproduct chloro-organics and trihalomethane (THMs), which are health concerning.
  3. Volatile.
57
Q

Liquid used as a bleaching agent, mostly to bleach papers or textile, and as a disinfectant in solution

A

Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl)

58
Q

Solution generally contains 10-15% of the available chlorine

A

Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl)

59
Q

Advantages of Chlorination (Sodium Hypochlorite)

A
  1. Sodium hypochlorite can also be used as a disinfectant.
  2. As compared to chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite disinfection reduces the hazards in storing and handling.
  3. No hazardous chemicals are used in onsite generation. Only softened water and high-grade salt (NaCl) is used.
60
Q

Limitations of Chlorination (Sodium Hypochlorite)

A
  1. The production of liquid Sodium Hypochlorite (NaCl) through electrolysis creates hydrogen as a byproduct, which requires ventilation due to its explosive nature.
61
Q

A solid that can be used in replacement of liquid NaOCl

A

Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca[OCl]2)

62
Q

Advantages of Chlorination (Calcium Hypochlorite)

A
  1. Being solid, Ca(OCl)2 is safer to handle than chlorine gas and NaOCl.
  2. Has excellent stability when stored in a dry place,
    maintaining its potency well over time.
63
Q

Limitations of Chlorination (Calcium Hypochlorite)

A
  1. Contamination or improper use of Ca(OCl)2 may lead to explosion, fire, or the release of toxic gases.
  2. If procedures are incorrectly followed, it will react violently with water to produce toxic gases, heat, and spatter.
  3. Requires dry, cool, well-ventilated area for storage.
64
Q

Formed by reacting ammonia with free chlorine

A

Chloramines

65
Q

Play an important role in providing residual protection in the distribution system

A

Chloramines

66
Q

Advantages of Chloramines

A
  1. Chloramine is more stable but not a strong
    disinfectant as chlorine, providing long lasting residual disinfectant.
  2. No by-products are formed in chloramination.
67
Q

Limitations of Chloramines

A
  1. More complicated to regulate than chlorine levels.
  2. Can cause increased corrosion of pipes or nitrification in the distribution system.
68
Q

Causes disinfection by changing the biological components of microorganisms specifically breaking the chemical bonds in DNA

A

Ultraviolet Light

69
Q

Advantages of Ultraviolet Light

A
  1. It limits the regrowth potential within the distribution system so no increase in the concentration of biodegradable or assimilable organic carbon occurs.
  2. No by-products are formed.
70
Q

Limitations of Ultraviolet Light

A
  1. High energy requirement
  2. Effectiveness of UV treatment may vary depending on the characteristics of the
    wastewater.

Environmental Engineering (9 decks)

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