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MICROBIO > PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS OF STERILIZATION > Flashcards

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS OF STERILIZATION Flashcards

1
Q

◦ Killing all microbial forms and spores.

A

Sterilization

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2
Q

◦ Killing of microorganism without necessarily destroying the endospores

A

Disinfection

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3
Q

◦ Chemical agents to prevent spread of bacteria

A

Antisepsis

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4
Q

◦ Agent that kills bacteria

A

Bactericidal / Germicidal

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5
Q

◦ Inhibiting the growth of bacteria without killing them

A

Bacteriostatic agent

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6
Q

Agents that destroys spores, fungi, & viruses.

A

Sporicidal / Fungicidal / Viricidal

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7
Q

Physcial methods of sterilisation

A

Heat, radiation, filtration

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8
Q

Why we need sterilization?

A

Microorganisms capable of causing infection are constantly present in the external environment and on the human body.
Microorganisms are responsible for contamination and infection
The aim of sterilisation is to remove or destroy them from materials or from surfaces

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9
Q

How can microorganisms be killed?

A

Denaturation of proteins, oxidation, filtration, interruption of DNA synthesis/repair, Interference with protein synthesis, Disruption of cell membrane

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10
Q

Two types of sterilization:

A

physical and chemical

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11
Q

Physical sterilization includes:

A

heat(dry heat or moist heat), radiation, filtration, sunlight

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12
Q

Chemical sterilization includes:

A

alcohols, aldehydes, phenolics, oxidizing agents, quartenary ammonium compound, ethylene oxide gas, others

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13
Q

Uses of sterilization

A

Sterilization of materials, instruments used in surgical and diagnostic procedures.

sterilization of media and reagents used in the microbiology laboratory

food and drug manufacturing to ensure safety from contaminating organisms.

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14
Q

suffix cide

A

to kill

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15
Q

viricide, fungicide, bactericide

A

destroy virus, destroy fungi, destroy bacteria

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16
Q

suffix static/statix

A

meaning to stand still. indicating that the agent will prevent the growth or multiplication of the type of organism but are not killed outright.

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17
Q

HIGHEST RESISTANCE

A

Bacterial endospore

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18
Q

Moderate resistance

A

Protozoan cyst, some fungal spores, some naked virus, vegetative bacteria that have higher resistance (m. tuberculosis, s.aeuris, Pseudomonas)

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19
Q

Lease resistance

A

most bacterial vegetative cells or ordinary fungal spores and hypae enveloped virus, yeasts, trophozoites

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20
Q

What to sterilize?

A

all instruments that penetrate soft tissues and bone

instruments that are not intended to penetrate the tissues, but that may come into contact with oral tissues

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21
Q

If the sterilization procedure may damge the instruments, then, sterilization can be replaced by ____ procedure

A

disinfection

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22
Q

Ideal sterilization/ disinfection process

A

highly efficacious, fast, good penetrability, compatible with all materials, non toxic, effective despite presence of organic material, difficult to make significant mistakes in process, easily monitored

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23
Q
  • Active germicidal effect due to its content of ultraviolet rays
  • natural method of sterilization of water in tanks, rivers, and lakes.
A

Sun light

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24
Q

Most common method of physical sterilization

A

heat

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25
Q

◦ The minimum time required to kill a suspension of an organism at a predetermined temperature and environment. ◦ originally developed for food canning and has found applications in cosmetics & pharmaceuticals.

A

Thermal Death Time

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26
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING THE STERILIZATION PROCESS THROUGH HEATING

A

Nature of the heat, Temperature and Time, Number of Microorganism, Type of Material, Presence of Organic Material

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27
Q

Moist heat has greater killing action than dry heat

A

Nature of the heat

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28
Q

Inversely proportional

A

Temperature and Time

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29
Q

◦ Directly proportional with temp and time

A

Number of Microorganism

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30
Q

◦ Heat sensitive; heat resistant

A

Type of Material

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31
Q

◦ Fats, proteins & sugars need higher temperature.

A

Presence of Organic Material

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32
Q

 Preferred over dry heat due to its fast killing action.  Causes coagulation and denaturation of proteins

A

MOIST HEAT

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33
Q

◦ Pasteurization ◦ Vaccine Bath ◦ Serum bath ◦ Inspissation

A

Temperature below 100C

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34
Q

◦ Boiling ◦ Fractional Sterilization (Tyndallization)

A

Temperature at 100C

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35
Q

◦ Autoclave (Steam under Pressure) ◦ use of pressurized steam and high temperature to kill microbes, spores, or viruses that are hard to destroy using conventional disinfection methods.

A

 Temperature Above 100C

36
Q

➢ Destroying disease causing organism in milk and beverages.

A

PASTEURIZATION

37
Q

Milk is heated at 60C-65C followed by rapid cooling

A

CONVENTIONAL METHOD

38
Q

heating at 72C for 15s followed by quick cooling to 13C.

A

Flash Method

39
Q

(UHT): heating at 140C for 15sec and 149C for 0.5 sec

A

Ultra-high Temperature

40
Q

serum or body fluid is sterilized in a water bath at 56C for 1 hour
- vaccines are sterilized in a special water bath at 60C for 1 hour

A

Vaccine bath

41
Q

➢ Killing of bacteria contaminating serum preparations ➢ Heating at 56C for several successive days ➢ Only the vegetative forms are destroyed

A

Serum Bath

42
Q

This is technique to solid as well as disinfect egg and serum containing media

-heated at 80-85c for 30 mnts on three successive days

A

INSIPISSATIONS

43
Q

T or F

Boiling for 10-30 minutes may kill most of vegetative forms but spores with stand boiling

A

T

44
Q

Steam at 100C for 20 minutes on three successive days

- used for egg, serum, and sugar containing media

A

Tyndallization

45
Q
  • steam at 100C for 90 minutes

- used for media which are decomposed at high temperature

A

Steam sterilizer

46
Q

➢ process for sterilizing food substances ➢ named after its inventor, scientist John Tyndall ➢ can be used to kill heatresistant endospores. ➢ Exposed to live steam at 100C for 30-90min for 3 consecutive days. ➢ Fractional sterilization ➢ Selenite broth ➢ TCBS(Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt-Sucrose Agar)

A

Tyndallization

47
Q

Temperature Above 100C ◦ Autoclave (Steam under Pressure) ◦ use of pressurized steam and high temperature to kill microbes, spores, or viruses that are hard to destroy using conventional disinfection methods

A

moist heat

48
Q

What are sterilization conditions:

A

sterilization conditions: temperature- 121C , chamber pressure -15lb per square inch, holding time-15 minutes,

49
Q

Uses of autoclaves

A

For materials which can not withstand high temp. to sterilize culture media, rubber material, gowns, dressings, gloves, etc

50
Q

(killing or removal of all microorganisms, including bacterial spores) technique  requires longer exposure time (1.5 to 3 hours) and higher temperatures

A

DRY HEAT

51
Q

Various methods of dry heat sterilization are; ___,___.___

A

Various methods of dry heat sterilization are; hot air oven, incineration, flaming (wire loop) etc

52
Q

◦ Wire loops, straight wires, forceps & spatulas ◦ Until they become red hot

A

RED FLAME

53
Q

 high temperature, short time processin  applied to sealed metal cans.  applicable to processing of both high and low acid products  used to exhaust packs to produce a high vacuum when cooled.

Passing the article over a bunsen flame, but not heating it to redness

A

FLAMING

54
Q

Use of flaming

A

Scalpels, mouth of test tubes, flasks, glass slides, cover slips

55
Q

a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.

“thermal treatment”

converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.

A

Incineration

56
Q

 Depriving the microorganism of moist  For food preservation like preparation of dried fish & fruits  Destroys vegetative form  Endospores are not killed

A

dessication

57
Q

 method of preserving food by lowering the temperature to inhibit microorganism growth.

by immersion in an ice and salt brine.

A

Freezing

58
Q

Lyophilization

A

(freeze-drying

59
Q

Does not destroy but removes the microorganisms. It is used for both the clarification and sterilization of liquids and gases as it is capable of preventing passage of both viable and non viable particles

used for the removal of microbes from solutions that cannot easily be treated in other fashions. Typically head-sensitive compounds such as antibiotic and vitamis

A

Filtration

60
Q

Major mechanisms of filtration:

A

sieving, adsorption, and trapping within the matrix of the filter material ex HEPA FILTERS

61
Q

Several types of filters

A

candle filters, asbestos disc filters, sintered glass filters, membrane filters, air filters, syringe filters

62
Q

Examples of this are electromagnetic radiation, particulate radiation. The major target of this is microbial DNA. Useful method for the industrial sterilization of heat sensitive products. Articles in dry state like surgical instruments

A

Radiation Sterilization

63
Q

Non ionizing radiation:___ &___

ionizing radiation:___ &___

A

Non ionizing radiation: Infrared radiation and UV radiation

Ionizing radiation: X-rays & Gamma Rays

64
Q

 Exposure to sound waves frequency  20,000 cycles/sec for one hour can kill some bacteria and viruses  To disinfect instruments and reduce microbial load

A

Sonic and ultrasonic vibrations

65
Q
  • High concentrations of salt or sugar in foods to inhibit growth
  • cells in hypertonic solution of salt or sugar lose water
  • fungi have greater ability than bacteria to survive hypertonic environments
A

Osmotic Pressure

66
Q

Effective Chemical Disinfectant

A

Broad spectrum of activity Fast acting Inexpensive Easy to apply Odorloss Non toxic to human tissues

67
Q

for skin, clinical thermometers, cabinets, incubators

Ethanol (80% v/v ethyl alcohol or 2-propanol (60-70% v/v isopropyl alcohol)

A

Alcohols

68
Q

To preserve anatomical specimen, sterilizing incubators and heat sensitive catheters, clothing bedding furniture; fumigation

A

Aldehydes

69
Q

Affective against tubercle bacilli, fungi, and viruses. Also for plastics, rubbers, and metals

A

Gluteraldehyde

70
Q

Aniline and acridine dyes for skin and wound antisepsis. Affective against Gm+ ve.

A

Dyes

71
Q

Aqueous solutions of iodine, Chlorine

A

Halogens

72
Q

Microbicidal

A

Phenols

73
Q

In aqueous solution it acts as a bactericidal and sporicidal. active against gram -ve bacteria, spores, viruses (hiv) and fungi

A

formaldehyde (formalin)

74
Q

Effective agains bacteria and eveloped viruses.

A

Phenol

75
Q

The seventh column of the periodic table of elements

A

Halogens

76
Q

Two halogens are regularly employed as antimicrobials

A

iodine and chloride

77
Q

Commonly used as an antiseptic against all microbes, fungi, and viruses.

It inhibits protein synthesis and oxidizes -SH groups of amino acids

A

Iodine

78
Q

Used as disinfectant

Hypochlorous acid is a product, formed in water, that is the active from of the disinfectant

applied in treatment of drinking water, swimming pool and sewage

A

Chlorine

79
Q

What are the heavy metals?

A

mercury, silver, zinc, arsenic, copper ions

80
Q

form precipitates with cell proteins. At one time were frequently used in medically as antiseptics but much of their use has been replace by less toxic alternatives

A

Heavy Metals

81
Q

 group of chemical compounds that lower the surface tension of water.

A

Surface Active Agents

82
Q

are the major ingredients in soaps and detergents.

A

Surfactants

83
Q

Kind of dyes

A

Aniline dyes and acridine dyes

84
Q

Skind and wound antiseptics, bacteriostatic in high concentrations

A

Dyes

85
Q

used as a disinfectant and sterilant both in the liquid and gaseous states. Is sold and used principally as a water based solution called formalin.

The acqueous solution is bactericidal, tuberculocidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and sporicidal

A

Formaldehyde

86
Q

is the process of sterilizing the producrs that are used in medical and pharmaceuticals.

A

ETO (Ethylene Oxide)

87
Q

ETO gas sterilization process is carried out in four different constituents:

A

concentration of gas, humidity, temperature, and time.

MICROBIO (7 decks)

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