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MICROBIO > MICROSCOPE > Flashcards

MICROSCOPE Flashcards

1
Q

‡ Contains more than one magnifying lens ‡ MP up to 1000X the original size ‡ Source: visible light

A

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

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2
Q

‡ Utilizes visible light ‡ MP 1000X-1500X ‡ Used to visualize bacteria and fungi. ‡ Less than 0.2um FDQ¶WEHYLVXDOL]HG ‡ Specimen appears dark against the surrounding light ‡ Very low contrast

A

BRIGHTFIELD MICROSCOPE

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3
Q

‡ ideallyused toilluminate unstained samples causing them to appear brightly lit against adarkbackground. ‡ contains a special condenser that scatters light and causes it to reflect off the specimen at an angle.

A

DARKFIELD MICROSCOPE

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4
Q

‡ Refractive indices and light waves passing through Transparent objects assume different phases. ‡ Contrastenhancing optical technique to produce high contrast images ‡ Thintissue slices, culture living cells, subcellular particles
‡ Refractive indices and

A

PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE

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5
Q

‡ Nomarskiinterference contrast(NIC) or Nomarskimicroscopy ‡ used to enhance thecontrastin unstained, transparent samples. ‡ Useful in examining specimens inhibited by standard staining procedures.

A

DIFFERENTIAL INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPE

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6
Q

Who developed Differential interference microscope?

A

developed by Polish physicist Georges Nomarskiin 1952.

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7
Q

‡ uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of scattering, reflection, and attenuation or absorption ‡ Used to visualize structural components of cell ‡ Detectviability of cell populations ‡ VisualizeDNA and RNA

A

FLOURESCENCE MICROSCOPE

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8
Q

‡ Usefulin the study of cell physiology‡ Confocal microscopy ‡ confocallaser scanningmicroscopy(CL SM)

A

CONFOCAL MICROSCOPE

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9
Q

is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.

A

laser confocal scanning microscopy(LCSM)

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10
Q

uses elEctrons to create an image of the target. It has much higher magnification or resolving power than a normal light microscope. ‡ Represents 3-D structure ‡ Image produced is black and white ‡ MP: 10,000X-2M times ‡ Used to visualize viruses & subcellular structures of cell
‡ useselectronsto

A

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

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11
Q

Who is the inventor of electron microscope?

A

Ernst Ruska

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12
Q

What do electron microscope utilizes?

A

beam of accelerated electrons

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13
Q

‡ forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. Used to study the molecular & atomic shapes of organisms ‡ Used to determine the variation in temperature inside the cell
‡ forms images of surfaces using

A

Scanning Probe Microscope

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14
Q

SPM was founded in ____, with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.

A

1981

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15
Q

a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level. focuses on the study and diagnoses of disease at a microscopic level.

A

staining

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16
Q

are frequently used in histology and in the medical fields of histopathology, hematology, and cytopathology

A

Stains and dyes

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17
Q

TWO TYPES OF STAINING TECHNIQUE

A

SIMPLE AND DIFFERENTIAL

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18
Q

` Uses single dye aqueous or water based and or alocohol based ` Quick and easy way to visualize cell shape, size and arrangement of bacteria ` Basic dyes: Safranin, methylene blue, crystal violet (dye is positively charged) ` Most bacterial cell are negatively charged ` Visiualization of bacterial cell morpohology.

A

SIMPLE STAINING

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19
Q

` uses more than one chemicalstain. ` Using multiple stainscan better differentiate between different microorganisms or structures/cellular components of a single organism.

A

DIFFERENTIAL STAINING

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20
Q

The ___ is the most important stainingprocedure in microbiology

A

Gram stain

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21
Q

used to differentiate betweengrampositive andgramnegative organisms. Hence, it is adifferential stain

A

GRAM STAIN

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22
Q

T OR F

Gram negative and grampositive organisms are distinguished from each other by differences in their cell walls.

A

T

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23
Q

STEPS FOR GRAMS STAINING

A
  1. Application of crystal violet (purple dye) 2. application of iodine (mordant) 3. alcohol wash for decolorization 4. apply sefranin to counterstain. it shows the distinction .
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24
Q

all cocci are gram positive except ____, ____ &____

A

Neisseria, Veilonella, & Branhamella

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25
Q

are gram negative except ____, ___, ___, & ____

A

Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Bacillus and Mycobacterium

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26
Q

Give differences of simple staining and differential staining

A

Simple Staining- It reveals the size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cells while differential staining reveals the size, shape and arrangement. In addition, it differentiates two groups of bacteria.

Simple staining = methylene blue staining method
Differential Staining = acid fast staining method

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27
Q

is a differential stain used to identify acid fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .

A

ACID FAST STAIN

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28
Q

are characterized by waxlike, nearly impermeable cell walls. Contains mycolic acid and large amounts of fatty acids, waxes, and complex lipids.

A

ACID-FAST ORGANISM

29
Q

-hot method since it requires steam bathing the prepared smear after addition of dye.

Acid fast organisms appear red on a blue background

A

Ziehl-Neelsen Stain

30
Q
  • “COLD METHOD” Acid fast organisms appear red on a green background
A

Kinyoun Stain

31
Q

HABITAT OF BACTERIA

A

CULTURE MEDIA

32
Q

The most ideal and specific procedure to identify the specific organism or specimen ` Used to grow microrganisms ` Aqueous (water-based) solution with all the nutrients required for growth.

A

CULTURE MEDIA

33
Q

what are the three physical states of media

A

liquid, semi-solid, solid

34
Q

(broths, milk or infusions) x Do not solidify above freezing point x Do not contain gelatin or agar x Suited for propagation of huge number of organism x For fermentation studies and other tests

A

LIQUID MEDIA

35
Q

= Contains agar at 0.5% concentration giving its gel consistency = For culture of microaerophilic bacteria = For study of bacterial motility,

A

SEMI-SOLID MEDIA

36
Q

= Contains solidifying agent (1.5-2%) agar giving it a firm surface where cells can form colonies. = Used for bacterial and fungal isolation = For determining colony characteristics = Liquefiable (reversible) & non-liquefiable (nonreversible) solid media

A

SOLID MEDIA

37
Q

also known as “China grass” is a jelly-like substance, obtained from red algae.

A

AGAR

38
Q

Agar is a mixture of two components: the linear ____ , and a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules called ____

A

polysaccharide agarose ; agaropectin.

39
Q

` used in the laboratory to help feed and grow bacteria aand other microorganisms. ` It acts as a culture that provides nutrients and a place for these items to grow, but since it is indigestible to the microorganisms, they cannot eat and destroy it.

A

AGAR

40
Q

used as a laxative, an appetite suppressant, a vegetarian substitute for gelatin, a thickener for soups, in fruit preserves, ice cream, and other desserts, as a clarifying agent in brewing, and for sizing paper and fabrics.

A

AGAR

41
Q

chemically defined substances (inorganic and organic compounds)

A

Synthetic Media

42
Q

does not contain any chemicals

A

Non-synthetic

43
Q

CHEMICAL COMPISTION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO: ___ & ___

A

SYNTHETIC AND NON SYNTHETIC

44
Q

Ń Contains solidifying agent (1.5-2%) agar giving it a firm surface where cells can form colonies. Ń Used for bacterial and fungal isolation Ń For determining colony characteristics Ń Liquefiable (reversible) & non-liquefiable (nonreversible) solid meadia

A

SOLID MEDIA

45
Q

what is the general purpose of culture media

A

contains nutrient mixture that support the growth of both pathogenic and non pathogenic organisms

46
Q

organic substances like blood, serum, or growth factors Ń Desired to increase the number of desired microorganisms without affecting the rest of the population

A

enrichment media

47
Q

blood is added to a blood agar base x Gram positive bacteria causing RBC HEMOLYSIS

A

blood agar

48
Q

Beta Hemolysis - _____
Alpha hemolysis - _____
Gamma hemolysis - _____

A

Beta Hemolysis - complete LYSIS

Alpha hemolysis - incomplete LYSIS Gamma hemolysis - No LYSIS

49
Q

Ń is composed of specific ingredients to inhibit the growth of certain species of microbes in a mixed culture while allowing others to grow. x Changing pH x Adding substances like antibiotics, dyes, other chemicals

A

selective media

50
Q

selective and enriched medium for the isolation of Neisseria gonorrhea and N. meningitis

A

Thayer-martin agar

51
Q

Ń It encourages the growth of a group of certain bacteria while inhibiting the growth of others. Ń Used for isolation of Staphyloccus aurius x Changing pH x Adding substances like antibiotics, dyes, others.

CONTAINS 10% NACL

A

Mannitol Salt Agar

52
Q

‡ selective and differential medium designed to isolate and differentiate enterics based on their ability to ferment lactose. ‡ Bile salts and crystal violet inhibit the growth of Gram positive organisms. ‡ Lactose provides a source of fermentable carbohydrate, allowing for differentiation. ‡ Inhibitsgrowth of gram positive bacteria

A

MacConkey Agar

53
Q

is a growth medium specially used for culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A

TheLöwenstein-Jensen medium, also known as LJ medium

54
Q

appears as brown, granular colonies (sometimes called “buff, rough and tough”).

A

M. tuberculosis

55
Q

Microbiology derived from the greek word mikros means ___, ___ means life, and ___ means study of

A

small ; bios ; logia or logos

56
Q

the study of bacteria

A

bacteriology

57
Q

study of viruses

A

virology

58
Q

study of fungi

A

mycology

59
Q

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

A

parasitology

60
Q

study of algae

A

phycology

61
Q

study of the immune system and immune respone

A

immunolgy

62
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

germ theory of disease and pasteurization

63
Q

kills microorganisms in different types of liquid and which became the basis of aseptic techniques

A

Pasteurization

64
Q

It took ___ to prove that microorgaminism caused certain diseases through a series of scientific steps which led to his formulation of the ______.

A

Robert Koch ;Koch’s postulates

65
Q

Golden age of microbiology

A

1800 and first decade of 1900

66
Q

Who discovered the vaccine for smallpox?

A

Edward Jenner

67
Q

development of aseptic surgery

A

Joseph Lister

68
Q

who discovered salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis (the magic bullet of chemo)?

A

Paul Ehrlich

69
Q

Who discovered the antibiotic penincilin from the mold Panincillium notatum. With the discovery of antibiotic, the incidence of infectious diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia, meningitis, and others was significantly reduced?

A

Alexander Fleming

MICROBIO (7 decks)

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