MICROSCOPE Flashcards
Contains more than one magnifying lens MP up to 1000X the original size Source: visible light
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Utilizes visible light MP 1000X-1500X Used to visualize bacteria and fungi. Less than 0.2um FDQ¶WEHYLVXDOL]HG Specimen appears dark against the surrounding light Very low contrast
BRIGHTFIELD MICROSCOPE
ideallyused toilluminate unstained samples causing them to appear brightly lit against adarkbackground. contains a special condenser that scatters light and causes it to reflect off the specimen at an angle.
DARKFIELD MICROSCOPE
Refractive indices and light waves passing through Transparent objects assume different phases. Contrastenhancing optical technique to produce high contrast images Thintissue slices, culture living cells, subcellular particles
Refractive indices and
PHASE-CONTRAST MICROSCOPE
Nomarskiinterference contrast(NIC) or Nomarskimicroscopy used to enhance thecontrastin unstained, transparent samples. Useful in examining specimens inhibited by standard staining procedures.
DIFFERENTIAL INTERFERENCE MICROSCOPE
Who developed Differential interference microscope?
developed by Polish physicist Georges Nomarskiin 1952.
uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of scattering, reflection, and attenuation or absorption Used to visualize structural components of cell Detectviability of cell populations VisualizeDNA and RNA
FLOURESCENCE MICROSCOPE
Usefulin the study of cell physiology Confocal microscopy confocallaser scanningmicroscopy(CL SM)
CONFOCAL MICROSCOPE
is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.
laser confocal scanning microscopy(LCSM)
uses elEctrons to create an image of the target. It has much higher magnification or resolving power than a normal light microscope. Represents 3-D structure Image produced is black and white MP: 10,000X-2M times Used to visualize viruses & subcellular structures of cell
useselectronsto
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Who is the inventor of electron microscope?
Ernst Ruska
What do electron microscope utilizes?
beam of accelerated electrons
forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. Used to study the molecular & atomic shapes of organisms Used to determine the variation in temperature inside the cell
forms images of surfaces using
Scanning Probe Microscope
SPM was founded in ____, with the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.
1981
a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level. focuses on the study and diagnoses of disease at a microscopic level.
staining
are frequently used in histology and in the medical fields of histopathology, hematology, and cytopathology
Stains and dyes
TWO TYPES OF STAINING TECHNIQUE
SIMPLE AND DIFFERENTIAL
` Uses single dye aqueous or water based and or alocohol based ` Quick and easy way to visualize cell shape, size and arrangement of bacteria ` Basic dyes: Safranin, methylene blue, crystal violet (dye is positively charged) ` Most bacterial cell are negatively charged ` Visiualization of bacterial cell morpohology.
SIMPLE STAINING
` uses more than one chemicalstain. ` Using multiple stainscan better differentiate between different microorganisms or structures/cellular components of a single organism.
DIFFERENTIAL STAINING
The ___ is the most important stainingprocedure in microbiology
Gram stain
used to differentiate betweengrampositive andgramnegative organisms. Hence, it is adifferential stain
GRAM STAIN
T OR F
Gram negative and grampositive organisms are distinguished from each other by differences in their cell walls.
T
STEPS FOR GRAMS STAINING
- Application of crystal violet (purple dye) 2. application of iodine (mordant) 3. alcohol wash for decolorization 4. apply sefranin to counterstain. it shows the distinction .
all cocci are gram positive except ____, ____ &____
Neisseria, Veilonella, & Branhamella
