physical activity and physical activity for special populations Flashcards
sedentary behaviour
Sedentary lifestyles increase all causes of mortality, double the risk of chronic disease including: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity, and increase the risks of colon cancer, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, lipid disorders, depression and anxiety.
Responsible for 9% of premature deaths worldwide
PA in Rx for chronic disease
Type II diabetes Cardiovascular disease Osteoporosis Cancer Neurological conditions Respiratory conditions Depression
exercise for OP
The vast majority of exercise studies focus on (postmenopausal) women.
In general, therapeutic exercises for osteoporosis can be ranked in two types of activities:
(i) Weight-bearing aerobic exercises, such as impact activities or any other exercise in which arms, feet, and legs are bearing the weight, (i.e., walking, stair climbing, jogging, volleyball, tennis and similar sports, Tai Chi, and dancing).
(ii) Strength or resistance exercises, in which the joints are moved against some kind of resistance, in the form of free weights, machines, theraband, or one’s own body weight
Whole body vibration (WBV) seems to have an effect on enhancing muscle strength
WBV seems to provide good results, especially in improving balance and reducing the risk of falling; in this, WBV appears more efficient than simply walking.
The most effective type of exercise for improving bone mineral density to the neck of femur appears to be progressive resistance strength training for the lower limbs.
The most effective intervention for bone mineral density at the spine was a combination of exercises (walking, Tai Chi, running, resistance strength training).
exercise and PA in cancer
Reduces cancer related fatigue
Improves physical function
Improves quality of life
Evidence for psychological impact ranges for positive to inconclusive
Greater impact in supervised programmes
Widely variable exercise frequency, intensity, duration and mode, suggesting that recommendations can be flexible while still enabling overall benefits
exercise and PA in Resp disease
Asthma and CF
Recommendation for exercise training not currently part of GINA guidelines
If, as is clearly supported by the literature, full expansion of the lungs provides a significant decrease in bronchial resistance, it is likely that any prolonged exercise is sufficient to open the lungs enough to provide benefit. Perhaps the simple answer is that regular exercise is so important for general health that it is not worth arguing with pharmaceutical enthusiasts about its relevance to asthma, and we should simply recommend or prescribe regular aerobic exercise for all patients with asthma. (Bacon and Platts-Mills 2020)
exercise and PA in depression
Recent literature has demonstrated that higher physical activity (PA) levels and exercise confer protective effects on incident depression.
Despite its effectiveness, similar to other treatments, some people may benefit more from exercise and identifying these potential predictors of response is necessary to deal with patients’ and professionals’ expectations.
Dropout from exercise interventions is comparable to dropout from other treatments for depression and similar to dropout from exercise in other clinical populations
Declining light activity and increasing sedentary behaviour between the ages of 12 years and 16 years were associated with greater depressive symptoms at age 18 years.
returning to sport and exercise post covid
Return to exercise or sporting activity should only occur after an asymptomatic period of at least seven days
English and Scottish Institute of Sport guidance suggests that, before re-initiation of sport for athletes, activities of daily living should be easily achievable and the person able to walk 500 m on the flat without feeling excessive fatigue or breathlessness.
Additional reading long Covid
4 P for energy conservation
Planning: complete essential tasks at the time of day when you have the most energy
Pacing: Allow enough time to complete the task and for rest and relaxations
Prioritising: Only do what is necessary and enjoyable
Positioning: Make sure your environment is suited to you that you are not bending or stooping
prescription
Pre-participation exercise screening
Evaluation: what is the patients baseline for physical activity/physical fitness (ensure your evaluation tool is specific to the component of physical fitness you are trying to improve).
Educating the patient e.g. intensity (BORG/RPE/HR monitoring), pacing, relevant on disease specific education, any additional devices
FITT principles
Behaviour change techniques?
FITT
frequency - days per week intensity - light mod vigorous resistance % 1RM time - how long sets - resistance training type - aerobic / resistance/ flexibility
behaviour change theory
The COM-B model represents the observationthat at any given moment, a particular behaviour will occur only when the person concerned has the capability and opportunity to engage in the behaviour and is more motivated to enact that behaviour than any other behaviours
behaviour change techniques
Goal setting Action and coping planning Rewarding self Self-monitoring Social support Education on consequences of behaviour Cues and prompts
