Physical Activity and Health, Risk factors form chronic disease, CHD, Metabolic Syndrome, Athsma and COPD (ATHSMA + COPD NOT IN EXAM)

Question 1

What are the 3 categories of risk factors for chronic disease?

Answer 1

• Genetic
• Environmental
• Behavioural

Question 2

What is the Web of causation?

Answer 2

Epidemiological model used to establish “cause” of chronic diseases.

Question 3

According to ACSM, what are the risk factors for CHD?

Answer 3

• Age.*
• Family History.*
• Cigarette Smoking.
• Sedentary Lifestyle.
• Obesity.
• Hypertension.
• Dyslipidemia.
• Prediabetes.
• Cannot be changed

Question 4

How can you tell if someone is hypertensive?

Answer 4

SBP = > 130 mm Hg or DBP = > 80 mm Hg.
Hypertension is a major independent risk factors for CHD and is a progressive condition, which increases over time.

Question 5

Post exercise hypotension is a common benefit to regular exercise participation. How do physicians minimize symptoms associated with post exercise hypotension?

Answer 5

Physicians should consider a combination of exercise and lower dose
hypertensive medications

Question 6

How much does exercise training lower resting SBP and DPB by?

Answer 6

SBP 3-10 mm Hg
DBP 2-6 mm Hg.

A 2 mmHg reduction in SBP is associated with reductions of 10% and 7% in the risks of stroke and CHD, respectively

Question 7

What is the most common method of measuring obesity?

Answer 7

BMI

Question 8

What are the BMI for: healthy, overweight, obese, severely obese?

Answer 8

• 18.5 to 24.9 - healthy weight
• 25 to 29.9 - overweight
• 30 to 39.9 - obese
• 40 or above - severely obese

Question 9

inflammation is the cornerstone for many chronic diseases. How does inflammation lead to heart attacks/strokes in atherosclerosis?

Answer 9

In atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation promotes pathological remodelling of the blood vessel walls, resulting in a plaque that occludes blood flow.

Blood vessel plaques can eventually rupture, resulting in vascular events
including heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular events.

Question 10

How does obesity promote inflammation and accelerate the disease process?

Answer 10

• Adipocytes secrete cytokines
• Visceral fat secretes more inflammatory cytokines

Question 11

How do statin drugs and a Mediterranean diet impact chronic inflammation?

Answer 11

Lower levels of inflammatory cytokines.

In addition, PA lowers levels of inflammation, as well as producing IL-6 (anti-inflammatory effect).

Question 12

What is the Metabolic Syndrome?

Answer 12

Metabolic syndrome is the medical term for a combination of diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension) and obesity. It is a cluster of risk factors that promote the development of CHD, stroke and other conditions that affect blood vessels.

Question 13

An individual that has three or more of the following risk factors is considered to have the metabolic syndrome:

Answer 13

• Abdominal obesity
• Waist circumference >102cm, 88cm (m+F)
• Hypertriglyceridemia
• Low HDL cholesterol
• High BP
• Inability to control blood sugar levels

Question 14

What are the 2 hypothesis as to what causes the metabolic syndrome?

Answer 14

1) low grade chronic inflammation (Increased levels of TNF-a, IL-6, CRP cause insulin resistance, leads to obesity and T2D)
2) increased oxidative stress (Increased production of free radicals cause cellular damage and inflammation)

Question 15

What is the guidance of PA to prevent and treat the Metabolic Syndrome?

Answer 15

i. Reduce sedentary time
ii. Moderate intensity exercise daily for a
minimum of 30 but preferably 60 minutes