Physical Activity and Health Flashcards
Current UK guidelines - infants
Not mobile - at least 30 minutes tummy time spread throughout the day
Toddlers- at least 180 mins per day in variety of physical activities, any intensity
Pre schoolers “ “. Should include t least 60 mins mod-big
Children - moderate to vigorous activity for at least 60mins a day
Current UK guidelines - adults (19-64)
Physically activity every day, muscle strengthening activities on at least 2 days a week, 150 mins moderate activity each week or 75 mins vigorous
65 years plus - aimed at improving/maintain muscle strength, balance and flexibility on at least 2 days
Key changes in guidelines
No minimum amount of PA required to achieve some health benefits
Benefits of HIIT acknowledges
Under 5s: 3 development stages
Define sedentary behaviour
Refers to any waking activity characterised by an energy expenditure less/equal to 1.5 METS and a sitting/reclining position
What activity is defined by 1 MET
Resting
Define muscular strength
Maximal force capability
Muscular endurance definition
Ability to continue muscular contraction over time
Define cardiorespiratory endurance
Ability to perform large muscle, whole body exercise at moderate to high intensities for extended periods of time
Define validity
Extent to which a measurement instrument assesses the true exposure of interest
What are cross sectional and what are the advantages and disadvantages
Data from a population at one specific point in time
Quick, easy
Can’t analyse behaviour over a period of time
What is a cohort study and what are the advantages and disadvantages
Type of longitudinal study that samples a cohort (group of people who share a characteristic) performing a cross section at interval through time
Can be retrospective or prospective
expensive, attrition, time consuming
What is an intervention study
Investiogator assigns he exposure
Subjects followed prospectively to compare
What are randomised control studies
Participants randomly assigned to one of 2 groups - experimental or controls
Groups followed prospectively to assess effectiveness of intervention compared to standard/placebo treatments
Eliminates bais
How can you assess muscular strength
Dynamometers (grip)
Tensiometers - adjust to test multiple joint angles
Repetition maximum
How can you test endurance
Field tests
How can you test flexibility
Goniometers- fulcrum positioned at the axis of rotation of a joint, arms of goniometer aligned with long axis of bones of adjacent segments
Describe the skin fold method
Assumption: adipose compresses in a predictable manner, skin thickness is constant, a compressed double layer of skin and subcutaneous adipose is representation of a single later adipose, individuals fat distribution is the same
8 skin fold sights
Tester pinches the skin, callipers applied 1cm below at right angles
What is the bioelectrical impedance method of body composition
Lean tissue has more ater- less resistance
Fat tissue has less water- more resistance
Volume of these tissues can be estimated from the resistance to an applied electric current flowing through the body
Dual energy x ray absorptiometry
Quantifies regions of fat masses, lean body mass, bone mass
Generates low dose x rays at 2 energies
The differential attenuation of the 2 energies used to estimate the bone mineral content and the soft tissue composition
Assess mineral content of deep bone structures
What is an accelerometer
Electromechanical devise used to measure acceleration forces
Measures intensity
What is a pedometer
Step count
Doesn’t rely on self report
Some speeds of movement may not be enough to measure
Doesn’t tell you distance
What are the self report method of physical activity
diaries
quesionnaires
interviews
Describe the behavioural epidemiology framework
Establish links betters PA and heath - measure PA - Identify correlations - test interventions - translate into practise
What is the IPAQ
International physical activity quesionnaire
gives examples of mod and vigorous activities
Possibility to include house house and work related PA
:( requires calculation, coding all activities is difficult
What are logic models
inputs —> activities —-> outcomes
Sedentary and physical activity
Sedentary and inactive (e.g office
Not sedentary and inactive (e.g retail)
Sedentary and active
Not sedentary and active (e.g athlete)
What are the effects of sedentary behaviour
Metabolism, bone mineral content, muscular function
what is the dual hinge intervention
e.g changing behaviour which also changes energy expenditure
E.g watching TV standing up
How can you measure sedentary behaviour
heart rate tv time diary questionnaire inclinometer
What are the underlying psychological factors influencing pa
family norms, habits, enjoy other things, negative associations, lack of confidents, role models, safe environment
the role of schools
develop physical activity habits by raising awareness of the importance of regular physical activity
creating more active environments so that pupils find it easier to move throughout the day
multiple component interventions
interventions that are multiple component or adopt a whole of community approach appear to be more effective
likely to relate to curricular learning, culture, ethos and environment, engagement of the wider community and families
daily mile
not timetabled - means teachers can chose when to do it.
no need to get changed
takes under 20 minutes
children able to focus better afterwards
Girls active
a programme for schools developed by the youth sport trust
aims at tackling dealing participation in physical activity by adolescent girls
improvement engagement in PE (changing room improvements, music, kit)
profiling females as role models that celebrates and recognises the importance of being physically active
develop safe environment
active travel interventions
cycle training
cycle tracks
storage for schools
explain the ecological framework for understanding physical activity
individual - biological, demographic, socioeconomic, psychological factos
social - social support and cultural factors
environment- weather, access to parks and recreation facilities, level of crime
policy - existence of physical activity guidelines or plans, transport systems
the most successful public health programs have been based on an understanding go health behaviours an the contexts they occur in
the model helps identify opportunities to promote physical activity
