Physical Activity and Health

Question 1

Current UK guidelines - infants

Answer 1

Not mobile - at least 30 minutes tummy time spread throughout the day

Toddlers- at least 180 mins per day in variety of physical activities, any intensity

Pre schoolers “ “. Should include t least 60 mins mod-big

Children - moderate to vigorous activity for at least 60mins a day

Question 2

Current UK guidelines - adults (19-64)

Answer 2

Physically activity every day, muscle strengthening activities on at least 2 days a week, 150 mins moderate activity each week or 75 mins vigorous

65 years plus - aimed at improving/maintain muscle strength, balance and flexibility on at least 2 days

Question 3

Key changes in guidelines

Answer 3

No minimum amount of PA required to achieve some health benefits

Benefits of HIIT acknowledges

Under 5s: 3 development stages

Question 4

Define sedentary behaviour

Answer 4

Refers to any waking activity characterised by an energy expenditure less/equal to 1.5 METS and a sitting/reclining position

Question 5

What activity is defined by 1 MET

Answer 5

Resting

Question 6

Define muscular strength

Answer 6

Maximal force capability

Question 7

Muscular endurance definition

Answer 7

Ability to continue muscular contraction over time

Question 8

Define cardiorespiratory endurance

Answer 8

Ability to perform large muscle, whole body exercise at moderate to high intensities for extended periods of time

Question 9

Define validity

Answer 9

Extent to which a measurement instrument assesses the true exposure of interest

Question 10

What are cross sectional and what are the advantages and disadvantages

Answer 10

Data from a population at one specific point in time

Quick, easy

Can’t analyse behaviour over a period of time

Question 11

What is a cohort study and what are the advantages and disadvantages

Answer 11

Type of longitudinal study that samples a cohort (group of people who share a characteristic) performing a cross section at interval through time

Can be retrospective or prospective

expensive, attrition, time consuming

Question 12

What is an intervention study

Answer 12

Investiogator assigns he exposure

Subjects followed prospectively to compare

Question 13

What are randomised control studies

Answer 13

Participants randomly assigned to one of 2 groups - experimental or controls

Groups followed prospectively to assess effectiveness of intervention compared to standard/placebo treatments

Eliminates bais

Question 14

How can you assess muscular strength

Answer 14

Dynamometers (grip)

Tensiometers - adjust to test multiple joint angles

Repetition maximum

Question 15

How can you test endurance

Answer 15

Field tests

Question 16

How can you test flexibility

Answer 16

Goniometers- fulcrum positioned at the axis of rotation of a joint, arms of goniometer aligned with long axis of bones of adjacent segments

Question 17

Describe the skin fold method

Answer 17

Assumption: adipose compresses in a predictable manner, skin thickness is constant, a compressed double layer of skin and subcutaneous adipose is representation of a single later adipose, individuals fat distribution is the same

8 skin fold sights

Tester pinches the skin, callipers applied 1cm below at right angles

Question 18

What is the bioelectrical impedance method of body composition

Answer 18

Lean tissue has more ater- less resistance

Fat tissue has less water- more resistance

Volume of these tissues can be estimated from the resistance to an applied electric current flowing through the body

Question 19

Dual energy x ray absorptiometry

Answer 19

Quantifies regions of fat masses, lean body mass, bone mass

Generates low dose x rays at 2 energies

The differential attenuation of the 2 energies used to estimate the bone mineral content and the soft tissue composition

Assess mineral content of deep bone structures

Question 20

What is an accelerometer

Answer 20

Electromechanical devise used to measure acceleration forces

Measures intensity

Question 21

What is a pedometer

Answer 21

Step count

Doesn’t rely on self report

Some speeds of movement may not be enough to measure

Doesn’t tell you distance

Question 22

What are the self report method of physical activity

Answer 22

diaries
quesionnaires
interviews

Question 23

Describe the behavioural epidemiology framework

Answer 23

Establish links betters PA and heath - measure PA - Identify correlations - test interventions - translate into practise

Question 24

What is the IPAQ

Answer 24

International physical activity quesionnaire

gives examples of mod and vigorous activities

Possibility to include house house and work related PA

:( requires calculation, coding all activities is difficult

Question 25

What are logic models

Answer 25

inputs ---> activities ----> outcomes

Question 26

Sedentary and physical activity

Answer 26

Sedentary and inactive (e.g office Not sedentary and inactive (e.g retail) Sedentary and active Not sedentary and active (e.g athlete)

Question 27

What are the effects of sedentary behaviour

Answer 27

Metabolism, bone mineral content, muscular function

Question 28

what is the dual hinge intervention

Answer 28

e.g changing behaviour which also changes energy expenditure E.g watching TV standing up

Question 29

How can you measure sedentary behaviour

Answer 29

``` heart rate tv time diary questionnaire inclinometer ```

Question 30

What are the underlying psychological factors influencing pa

Answer 30

family norms, habits, enjoy other things, negative associations, lack of confidents, role models, safe environment

Question 31

the role of schools

Answer 31

develop physical activity habits by raising awareness of the importance of regular physical activity creating more active environments so that pupils find it easier to move throughout the day

Question 32

multiple component interventions

Answer 32

interventions that are multiple component or adopt a whole of community approach appear to be more effective likely to relate to curricular learning, culture, ethos and environment, engagement of the wider community and families

Question 33

daily mile

Answer 33

not timetabled - means teachers can chose when to do it. no need to get changed takes under 20 minutes children able to focus better afterwards

Question 34

Girls active

Answer 34

a programme for schools developed by the youth sport trust aims at tackling dealing participation in physical activity by adolescent girls improvement engagement in PE (changing room improvements, music, kit) profiling females as role models that celebrates and recognises the importance of being physically active develop safe environment

Question 35

active travel interventions

Answer 35

cycle training cycle tracks storage for schools

Question 36

explain the ecological framework for understanding physical activity

Answer 36

individual - biological, demographic, socioeconomic, psychological factos social - social support and cultural factors environment- weather, access to parks and recreation facilities, level of crime policy - existence of physical activity guidelines or plans, transport systems the most successful public health programs have been based on an understanding go health behaviours an the contexts they occur in the model helps identify opportunities to promote physical activity