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endo II exam1 > phys I > Flashcards

phys I Flashcards

1
Q

what hormones does the hypothalamus secrete

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine

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2
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary release

A

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, MSH, GH, Prolactin

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3
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

oxytocin, ADH

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4
Q

what hormones does the thyroid gland release

A

T3 T4 Calcitonin

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5
Q

what hormones do the paratyroid glands release

A

PTH

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6
Q

what hormones are released by pancreas

A

insulin, glucagon

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7
Q

what hormones are released by adrenal medulla?

cortex?

A

medulla is norepi and epi

cortex is cortisol, aldosterone

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8
Q

what hormones are secreted by kidneys

A

renin and 1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

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9
Q

estradiol gives what type of feedback( + or -) to what

A

positive feedback to the anterior pituitary

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10
Q

what are the negative feedback loops to hypothalamus

A

anterior pituitary and hormones like testerone

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11
Q

steroid and thyroid hormones work on what R

A

nuclear R, lipid soluble aka can cross membrane

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12
Q

how do most peptide hormones and biogenic amines signal

A

membrane R

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13
Q

how do water soluble hormones differ in intracellular signaling from lipid soluble

A

water soluble usually work through a 2nd messenger where lipid soluble stimulate synthesis of specific new proteins

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14
Q

describe storage of steroid and thyroid hormones

A

steroid made when needed, thyroid stored

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15
Q

describe storage of water soluble hormones

A

stored in vesicles

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16
Q

half life of lipid and water soluble hormones

A

lipid soluble are long and watersoluble is short

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17
Q

methods for measuring hormone levels

A

plasma analysis: reflective only of time of sampling

urine analysis: restricted to the measurement of catecholamines and steroid hormones

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18
Q

what are they primary thyroid dysfunction diseases

A

hashimoto thyroiditis and graves

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19
Q

TRH, TSH and T3T4 levels in graves and hashimotos

A

Graves: low TRH TSH high T3T4
hashimoto: high TRH, high TSH, low T3T4

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20
Q

what is an example of secondary thyroid failure and lab values?

A

pituitary failure form ishcemic necrosis

high TRH, low TSH low T3T4

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21
Q

example of tertiary thyroid failure and lab values

A

hypothalamic failure (hypothalamic tumor) low TRH low TSH and low T3T4

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22
Q

If pituitary hormone level is low but the target hormone is high what is most likely

A

autonomous secretion by target endocrine organ

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23
Q

if pituitary hormone level is low but the target hormone is low too what is most likely

A

pituitary failure

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24
Q

if pituitary hormone level is high and the target hormone is low what is goind on

A

primary failure of target endocrine hormone

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25
Q

if pituitary hormone level is high and the target hormone is also high what is going on

A

autonomous secretion of pituitary hormone or R to the target hormone action

26
Q

What areas release posterior pituitary hormones

A

supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei

27
Q

what releases the anterior pituitary hormones

A

the neurone in hypothalamus

28
Q

ADH is released whtn

A

increased serum osmolality because causes and increase in water resorption by working on distal tubule in kidney
also induces contraction of vascular smooth muscle to protect against severe volume depletion

29
Q

when is oxytocin released

A

milk letdown and uterine contraction

30
Q

Action ADH

A

increase expression aquaporin 2 on principal cell sin distal tubule

31
Q

What is neurogenic Diabetes inspidus

A

hypothalamic/central unregulated release ADH

32
Q

what is diabestes insipidus characterized by

A

large volume urine that is hypotonic, dilute and tasteless

33
Q

what is nephrogenic DI

A

unresponsive to ADH, problem in kidneys

34
Q

what is primary polyuria

A

increased water intaked due to pathologic, habitual or psychiatric syndromes

35
Q

Dx of DI is confirmed how

A

dehydration stimulus followed by inability to concentrate urine

36
Q

plasma ADH levels in neurogenic DI? nephrogenic DI?

A

in neurogenic ADH plasma levels are low

in nephrogenic the plasma ADH levels are either high or normal

37
Q

how will urine osmolality change after water deprivation in both DI

A

no change

38
Q

how will plasma ADH change after water deprivation in both DI

A

in neurogenic there is no change

in nephrogenic there will be an increase

39
Q

how will urine osmolality change after ADH administration in both types DI

A

in neurogenic it will increase

in nephrogenic there is no change

40
Q

stimulatory factors for GH release

A 
decreased glucose [ ]
decreased FFA [ ]
arginine
fasting
hormones of puberty
exercise
stress
stage III and IV sleep
alpha adrenergic agonists
41
Q

what are the inhibitory factors for GH release

A 
increased glucose
increased FFA
obesity
senescence
somatostatin
somatomedins
GH
beta adrenergic agonists
pregnancy
42
Q

what are the effects of GH

A

insulin Resistance: dec glucose uptakes, increase blood glucose, increase lipolysis, increase blood insulin
increased protein synthesis and organ growth through IGF-I: increase aa uptae, increase DNA RNA synthesis, increase body mass and organ size
increase linear growth through IGF-I with altered cartilage metabolism

43
Q

What does prolactin induce

A

dopamine synthesis

44
Q

stimulatory factors for prolactin release

A

pregnancy, breast feeding, sleep, stress, TRH, dopamine antagonists

45
Q

inhibitory factors for prolactin release

A

dopamine, bromocriptine
somatostatin
prolacitn (neg feedback)

46
Q

What is definition prolactinoma

A

> 200ng/ml

47
Q

describe effects of GnRH on FSH and LH

A

pulsatile secretion GnRH prevents downregulation of LH FSH Receptros
constant infusion GnRH causes decrease in LH and FSH

48
Q

What is needed to activate T3 and T4

A

peroxidase to take it off thyroglobulin

49
Q

What is needed for peroxidase to work on thyroglobulin

A

I(-) iodine

50
Q

how is iodine transported to follicular lumen

A

electrochemical gradient, co transport with Na

51
Q

What will proplythiouracil inhibit

A

oxidation of iodine
organificaiton of iodine into MIT and DIT
coupling reaction of DIT+DIt to T4 and DIT+MIT to T3

52
Q

how do T4 and T3 circulate

A

bound to thyroid binding globulin and some to albumin and transthyretin

53
Q

what is the more active thyroid hormone

A

T3 because 10 fold higher affinity for thyroid R

54
Q

ration T4 to T3

A

10:1

55
Q

people with no thyroid function will have what levels when given T4

A

only T3

56
Q

What is euthyroid sick syndrome

A

hypothyroidism but problem is from increased diiodinase which forms inactive rT3

57
Q

stimulatory factors for TH release

A 
TSH, Thyroid stimulating Ig
increased TBG (pregnancy)
58
Q

what are inhibitory factors for thyroid hormone regulation

A 
Iodoine deficiency
deiodinase deficiency
excessive iodine intake
perchlorate
proplythiouracil
decreased TBG levels (liver disease)
59
Q

what is wolff chaikoff effect

A

excessive iodine intake

60
Q

what does perchlorate do

A

inhibit Na iodine cotransport

endo II exam1 (14 decks)

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