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GI 1v > Phys DSA > Flashcards

Phys DSA Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 GI tract sphincters?

A
  • upper esophageal sphincter
  • lower esophageal sphincter
  • pylorus
  • sphincter of ODDI
  • Ileocecal valve
  • internal anal sphincter
  • external anal sphincter
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2
Q

What are the functional layers of the intestinal wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

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3
Q

Which layers contain the enteric nervous system

A

submucosa - submucosal plexus

muscular - myenteric plexus

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4
Q

What is the GI tract innervated by?

A

extrinsic autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

What does the ENS do?

A

controls contraction, secretion and endocrine function of the GI tract

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6
Q

Where does the ENS receive information from?

A

parasympathetic and sympathethic nervous system, CNS, and sensory information from mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

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7
Q

What is the vago-vagal reflex?

A

A reflex that controls contraction of the gastrointestinal muscle layers in response to distension of the tract by food.

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8
Q

Which center controls food intake?

A

the brain

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9
Q

Which parasympathetic nerves modulate GI function?

A

Vagal and pelvic

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10
Q

In the PNS, where are preganglionic nerve cell bodies located? postganglionic?

A

pregang - brainstem or spinal cord

postgant - wall of organ

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11
Q

What is the synapse between pre and post ganglionic cells in the PNS?

A

nAChRs

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12
Q

How does the SNS modulate GI function?

A

by preganglionic efferents that that run between the spinal cord and prevertebral ganglia, and postganglionic fibers from those ganglia to the myenteric and submucosal plexuses

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13
Q

What do preganglionic efferents release? What do postganglionic efferents release?

A

ACh; NE

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14
Q

What is somatostatin secreted by? What is their effect?

A

D cells; decrease luminal pH

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15
Q

How does somatostatin increase pH?

A

inhibits gastric H secretion and secretion of other GI hormones; responds to low pH

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16
Q

Where is somatostatin secreted outside of the GI tract?

A

hypothalamus and delta cells of the exocrine pancreas

17
Q

What cells secrete histamine in the stomach?

A

it is stored and secreted by enterchromaffin-like (ECL) cells

18
Q

What is the target of histamine?

A

parietal cells to stimulate acid production

19
Q

How do enteroendocrine cells function?

A

they contain secretory granules filled with hormones that are released into the the blood stream upon stimulation

20
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

increases gastric H secretion and stimulates growth of gastric mucosa

21
Q

What does CCK do?

A

increases pancreatic enzyme secretion, increases pancreatic bicarb secretion

stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of oddi

stimulates growth of the exocrine pancreas and gallbladder

inhibits gastric emptying

22
Q

What does secretin do?

A

increase pancreatic bicarb secretion

increase biliary bicarb secretion

inhibits trophic effects of gastrin on gastric mucosa

23
Q

What does GIP do?

A

increases insulin secretion of pancreatic beta cells

decreases H secretion

24
Q

What does ACh do?

A

contraction of SM in wall; relaxation of sphincters

increases salivary, gastric and pancreatic excretion

25
Q

what does NE do?

A

relaxes SM in wall, contracts sphincters,

increases salivary secretion

26
Q

what does vasoactive intestinal peptide do?

A

relaxes SM in wall

increases intestinal and pancreatic secretion

27
Q

what does NO do?

A

relaxes smooth muscle

28
Q

What does GRP do?

A

increases gastric secretions

29
Q

What do enkephalins do?

A

contract smooth muscle

decrease intestinal secretion

30
Q

What does neuropeptide Y do?

A

relaxes smooth muscle

decreases intestinal secretion

31
Q

What does substance P do?

A

contracts smooth muscle

increases salivary secretion

32
Q

What is the incretin effect?

A

The concept that oral nutrient (glucose) administration promotes a much greater degree of insulin secretion compared to a parenteral isoglycemic glucose infusion (IV)

GI 1v (8 decks)

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