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GI 1v > embryo > Flashcards

embryo Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the GI are from endoderm?

A

mucosal epithelium and GI glands

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2
Q

What parts of the GI are from mesoderm?

A

muscular wall, smooth muscle, connective tissue, vasculature

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3
Q

What parts of the GI are from ectoderm?

A

neural crest - enteric ganglia, nerves, glia

ectoderm- mouth and anal canal

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4
Q

What are the derivatives of the foregut?

A

pharynx to proximal duodenum, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

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5
Q

What are the derivatives of the midgut?

A

latter duodenum to right half of transverse colon, including appendix

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6
Q

What are the derivatives of the hindgut?

A

left half of transverse colon to superior anal canal, epithelium of bladder and urethra

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7
Q

What blood supplies the foregut?

A

celiac trunk

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8
Q

What blood supplies the midgut?

A

superior mesenteric artery

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9
Q

What blood supplies the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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10
Q

Describe the rotation of the stomach in 4 events:

A
  • ventral border rotates to the right
  • dorsal border rotates to the left
  • left side becomes ventral
  • right side becomes dorsal

then growth and rotation along AP axis

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11
Q

What are the prenatal and postnatal signs of a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

prenatally: polyhydramnios
postnatally: coughing, gagging, cyanosis, vomiting, oral secretions, resp. distress

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12
Q

What happens in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? What are the presentations?

A

circular and longitudinal muscles hypertrophy

immediate post feeding vomiting, fewer and smaller stools, failure to gain weight

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13
Q

What does the hepatic diverticulum give rise to?

A

liver, gallbladder and ventral pancreatic bud

the stalk becomes the hepatic duct and bile duct

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14
Q

How does the pancreas form?

A

ventral pancreatic bud migrates to dorsal side.

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15
Q

what does the dorsal pancreatic bud give rise to?

A

body and tail of pancreas

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16
Q

what does the ventral pancreatic bud give rise to?

A

head and uncinate process

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17
Q

what happens with an annular pancreas? whats the embryological causing?

A

obstruction of duodenum; symptoms similar to pyloric stenosis

head of pancreas is bifed; malrotation causes the site of duodenal obstruction

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18
Q

what do we need to know about the spleen?

A

the spleen is foregut but is made from mesoderm

forms from week 5

is a hematopoetic organ and helps with hematopoesis in weeks 9-28

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19
Q

how is midgut formed?

A

it herniates out into umbilicus at week 6, with the SMA becoming the axis

it then rotates 90 counterclockwise and a buldge appears for the cecum and the proximal part becomes convoluted

the proximal part returns into the abdomen, passes under distal portion towards the left and then the distal part returns

20
Q

what is an omphalocele? Which week?

A

failure of the bowel to return to body cavity (its covered by peritoneum); week 10

21
Q

What is gastroschisis? Which week does it happen in?

A

failure of body wall to close. no peritoneum. Week 4.

22
Q

What is the embryological mechanism of hirschsprung disease?

A

problem with neural crest cells; absence of ganglion

23
Q

What happens if you have midgut nonrotation?

A

SI on right side and LI on left side

usually no symptoms but could have higher likelihood of obstruction

24
Q

What happens with reverse rotation of midgut?

A

transverse colon becomes posterior to duodenum and can cause obstruction of TC;

caused by wrong 180 degree rotation

25
Q

How do we form the definitive gut lumen? What can go wrong?

A

epithelial cells fill lumen, then apoptosis and recanalization.

duplication or stenosis

26
Q

What is the rule of 2s for meckels diverticulum?

A 
2% of population 
2 feet from ileocecal junction 
2 inches long 
2 types of ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic usually) 
2 years age of presentation 
2x likely to affect males
27
Q

What is meckel’s diverticulum caused by?

A

incomplete obliteration of vitelline duct, pulls on ileum and causes outpouching

28
Q

What is an omphalomesenteric fistula?

A

abnormal opening in the vitelline duct, causing poop to leave umbilicus

29
Q

What other two things could arise from Meckel’s diverticulum?

A

omphalomesenteric cyst and omphalomesenteric ligament

30
Q

What does the urorectal septum separate the cloaca into?

A

urogenital membrane (forms bladder and urethra) and anal membrane (forms anus)

both are ectoderm and endoderm

31
Q

What causes a congenital diaphragmatic hernia? What are the characteristics?

A

defective formation and/or fusion of the pleuroperitoneal membranes - large opening in posterolateral diaphragm

herniation of abdominal contents, hypoplastic lungs, polyhydramnis

32
Q

Where does the mesentary come from?

A

splanchnic layer

33
Q

Where does the parietal peritoneum come from?

A

somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

34
Q

What is the purpose of the mesentaries?

A

to allow vessels to get to the organs; most of them degenerate

35
Q

What does the dorsal mesocardium give rise to?

A

transverse pericardial sinus

36
Q

What does the dorsal mesogastrium give rise to?

A

greater omentum

37
Q

What does the ventral mesogastrium give rise to?

A

lesser omentum

38
Q

What does the ventral mesentery give rise to?

A

falciform ligament

39
Q

What does the mesoduodenum give rise to?

A

mesentery around duodenum

40
Q

What does the mesentery proper give rise to?

A

mesentery containing jejunum and ileum

41
Q

What does the mesocolon give rise to?

A

mesentery around transverse colon and sigmoid colon

42
Q

What does the mesorectum give rise to?

A

mesentary around the rectum

43
Q

What ligaments does the dorsal mesogastrium give rise to?

A

splenorenal ligament and gastrolienal ligament

44
Q

Which structures are intraperitoneal?

A

stomach, tail of pancreas, first part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon

45
Q

Which structures are retroperitoneal?

A

pancreas (except tail), duodenum (2nd-4th parts), ascending colon,
descending colon

GI 1v (8 decks)

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