Phys and patho trigger Flashcards
what induces the surge of LH to release oocytes
estrogen
which hormone thickens the vaginal wall and increases vaginal lubrication
estrogen
this hormone is responsible for proliferation of the endometrium. it also reduces acne and increases libido
estrogen
what causes menses and lactation
the fall of progesterone
which hormone is involved in WBC production and embryo developement
activins
activins also stimulate FSH production
which hormone inhibits activin
follistatins (therefore they also inhibit FSH)
how does lactation affect the HPO axis
lactation increases dopamine and alters release of GnRH
what is the first event of puberty?
thelarche (breast developement, duct growth, lobule and alveoli growth)
dries like a fern-ike pattern on a slide
cervix during high estrogen times
which hormone increases ciliary beat
estrogen
(progesterone decreases ciliary beat
which hormone antagonizes insulin effects on glucose metabolism in the muscles
progesterone
(also reduces spasms, relaxes smooth muscle)
which hormone improves skeletal contractility
estrogen
which hormone enhances sodium/water retention
estrogen
(progesterone causes sodium/water excretion)
How does pregnancy affect the PMI
upward and lateral shift of PMI
what supplement is reccomended for vegetarians or women with history of megaloblastic anemia
vitamin B12
what substances cross the placenta easily, give examples of these
albumin bound substances such as warfarin or salicylates
what portion of the blastocyte becomes the placenta
outer cell group
(inner cell group becomes endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm)
what causes vascularization of the endometrium and developement of the uterine glands
estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum
what causes spasms/ischemia of the endometrium and eventually leads to hemorrhage as the breakdown of endometrium occurs
the regression of the corpus luteum and decreasing estrogen and progesterone levels
what part of the inner embryo forms the nervous system
ectoderm
also forms skin, teeth, outer epithelium
what part of the inner embryo forms connective tissue and muscle and bones
mesoderm
remember this includes pericardium, peritoneum and pleura
when does the heart begin to beat in an embryo
weeks 6-7
when do limb buds begin to form? what else forms during this time?
weeks 6-7
also:
heart beat
ears,eyes, bones
when do lungs begin to form
week 8
remember by week 9 all essential organs have begun to form
when is a heart beat able to be heard by a doppler US
week 10
when does urine production and RBC production begin
weeks 11-14
also:
ossification of bone centers occur at this time
when does lanugo and meconium begin to form? what else occurs during this time?
weeks 15-18
also: movement and fat accumulation begins. although REMEMBER fetal movements arent usually felt by mother until week 19
when does a fetus begin hearing
week 19
also when you start to feel lil baby move
when should alveoli formation occur? what else occurs during this time?
by week 26
hand/startle reflex occurs
when is surfactant produced
week 27-30
what is the term describing initial formation of gonads but later degeneration
agonadism
In what phase of the cycle is inhibin B secreted
Follicular phase.
the increase in FSH stimulates inhibin B release which then dereases FSH as a negative feedback loop
what triggers ovulation
LH surge
(follicle releases estrogen which causes a surge of GnRH and then LH)
in what phase of the cycle does mittelschermz occur
around day 14 during ovulation
occurs d/t follicular rupture and hemorrhage
in what phase of the cycle does the corpus albicans form
luteal phase right before menstruation
menstruation occurs right after this because the coprus albicans is no longer creating progesterone
in what phase of the cycle does the endometrium become vascularized
post ovulatory during the secretory phase
(remember in the proliferative phase, the uterine glands lengthen but dont secrete anything and the endometrium is not yet vascularized)
which hormone alkalizes the mucus in the cervix?
estrogen! thins and alkalizes mucus in cervix to enhance sperm survival
describe the effect that pregnancy has on platelet count and platelet production
increased production, but also increased consumption.
leading to an overall decrease in platelets.
what is the term for a vaginal cavity that is fibrous and closed
vaginal atresia
