PHYS 3 Physiology of Auditory and Vestibular Systems Flashcards
auditory system?
sound?
amplitude?
frequency?
endolymph vs perilymph
located where? fill or bath?
rich/poor?
similar to what fluids? (high? low?)
found in?
Auditory
central axons from where project where via what nerve?
displacement along basilar membrane
motion is a traveling what from what part of cochlea to what part?
wave pattern differs for different what?
max motion at base for? apical?
picture of high vs low frequency sounds and where along basilar membrane they stop?
what is this?
what cells receive input? type of input?
these cells are what type of cells? which do what?
hair cells: type of receptor?
ends?
on apical surface?
rich in?
neural synapses on what side?
following deflection of stereocilia what happens?
electrochem drive results from what two factors?
act on what channel?
defelection of stereocilia causes depolarization and release of? and generation of what? in?
stereocilia deflect as? why?
deflect towards? causes what?
with stereocilia falling towards larger what happens?
towards smaller?
type of activity with normal potential
depolarization of hair cells: what channel opens? how does it open? what enters? this causes what to open? what comes into cell? these leads to release of? from? this goes where? finally this is from?
stria vascularis helps maintains what?
hair cells on basilar membrane
inner hair cells- how many rows? what info does it convey?
outer hair cells- how many rows? acts as? can do what? functions concerning basilar membrane?
sensitivity and tuning?
positioned where? (overall)
short and sweet
inner hair cells (type of ganglion) type of info?
outer hair cells (type of ganglion) help do what?
hair cells receive afferent innervation from? efferent?
outer innervated mainly by?
inner?
hair cells innervation
type of innervation?
inner afferent type?
outer?
13 steps of sound conduction
- starting at stapes. 2. pressure 3. what moves where? 4. corti goes where? 5. hair cells (which ones) bend which way? 6. what opens? 7. depolarization causes what to contract? 8. what contracts this casues? 9. waves? 10. what cells do what? 11. channel? 12. depol opens what? 13. finally?
type of pitch is read where?
basal vs apical
central portion of the cochlear nerve does what? to reach what? this comprises of? (2)
these two areas do what?
overall in what part of brain/brainstem?
first site in brainstem where info form both ears converge? (_____ processing) essential to?
parts of the area mentioned above?
primary nucleus?
what is preserved?
receives what projections? NT
Superior olivary complex- first site for?
primary nucleus? generates what? this helps do what?
neuron responds strongest when? which happens when?
superior olivary nucleus first site of?
other primary?
generates? this helps do what?
lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO)
map of?
sound on left. what gets excited? this will also do what? via? what is greater? this allows?
superior colliculus does what?
inferior colliculus?
thalamus when it comes to auditory pathway? where does it go to (in thalamus)?
maintained?
convergence from where? allow for?
cortex area essential in conscious perception of sound?
type of processing here?
maintained?
(location of this cortex)
frequencies and location on the primary auditory cortex?
where is secondary auditory cortex?
auditory (_______) association cortex
composed of what areas?
organized?
thought to respond to what sounds?
efferent input to the auditory system
1
2
3
olivocochlear efferents
originate in?
neurons? which one innervates what?
olivocochlear efferents
functions? (4)
summary?
middle ear efferents
what nerve? from what?
function? response to?
contractions cause?
act at what frequencies?
most important function?
may prevent? which helps?
ear emit sound? called?
how loud? two types?
s- from what?
e- used for?
clinically important for? (3)
sensorineural hearing loss
caused by damage to? other causes?
more susceptible to damage (CELLS)?
basal or apical more susceptible?
hearing restored by?
hair cell damage causes?
cochlear prosthesis
electrode goes through where? works how?
angular acceleration? ex?
linear acceleration? ex?
what detects rotational acceleration?
types of rotational accel?
detects forward and backward?
detects linear acceleration up and down?
rotation in horizontal plane best detected by?
rotation in vertical plane backwards maximally activates?
rotation in vertical plane forwards maximally activates?
when we fall our reflexes designed to keep our eyes where?
horizontal rotation?
fall forward?
backward?
horizontal plane and reflex muscles
what muscles activated/inhibited?
essentially looking away from the rotation
posterior semicircular canal. what type of movement?
will activate what muscle? inhibit?
Anterior semicircular canal
sense what movement?
muscles activated/inhibited?
endolymph resides inside? (high _)
perilymph surrounds? (high _)
when looking which way will you have an increase or decrease of firing with head rotation (semicirc)
looks like if you look away from side you decrease
look towards increase (notice hair cells)
transduction of linear acceleration
what parts of inner ear have mechanical distortion?
hair cells with big in back so when moving you activate
vast majority of cortical and cerebellar involvement in vestibulooptic reflexes is to?
