PHYLUM PORIFERA Flashcards
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Porifera = ____(___) + ____(___)
Porifera = porus(pore) + ferre(to bear)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
____ which is to be permanently attached to the substrate
HABITAT:
They are mostly ____ but sometimes ____
COLOR:
______ sponges are brightly colored
______ are small and dull green color
Sessile
Marine
Freshwater
Saltwater
Freshwater
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Amount of living species____ and fossil forms _____
Size of Porifera ___ to ____
Although most corals are asymmetrical, some are ____
9000 living
2200 fossil
1 cm to 2 meters
Radially symmetrical
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Sponges have NO _____ or ____ but individual cells react to changes in the environment
They ____ by drawing water through pores
Meanwhile ____ ingest bacteria and particulate food suspended in the water
NO nerves or muscles
Filter-feed
Choanocytes
GENERAL MORPHOLOGY:
____ pores on the surface of each sponge also known as ____
____ Central hollow cavity also known as _____
_____ Opens to outside through this large circular opening, the exit of water
Ostia
Incurrent Pores
Spongocoel
Paragastric Cavity
Osculum
BODY WALL:
Three layers that are not true tissues:
_____ External, epithelium-like
____ Gelatinous matrix of protein, in-between
_____ Internal, flagellated
Pinacoderm
Mesenchyme
Choanoderm
THE 4 TYPES OF CELLS ARE:
Most of them are ____
Amoebocyte
Porocyte
Pinacocyte
Choanocyte
Most of them are PLURIPOTENT
CELL TYPES:
_____(_____)
Most distinctive/important of the sponge cells used for FEEDING
Genetically, they are almost identical to _____, the ancestors of animals
Each has a ____, which beats to draw water currents into the sponge
Surrounded by a sieve-like _____ that acts as a strainer, made of ____ and ____
Food is absorbed through ____ by the collar cell and then sent to other cells
Choanocytes(Collar cells)
Choanoflagellates
Flagellum
Collar
microvilli and microfibrils
Phagocytosis
CELL TYPES | CHOANOCYTES:
Choanocytes line major cavities depending on their ______
______ on asconoid types
______ on syconoid types
______ on leuconoid types
CANAL SYSTEMS
Spongocoel
Radial canals
Flagellated Chambers
CELL TYPES:
_____
Nearest thing to tissues
Form the outer “EPITHELIUM and sometimes lines inner passages
They are highly ____ = ____ in circular bands around oscula to regulate water flow
Pinacocytes
Contractile = myocytes
CELL TYPES:
_____
form the INCURRENT PORES (ostia)
Opening of incurrent canals:
_____ from outside
_____ into spongocoel
Tubular cells which form the pores of ____ sponges
Single tube-shaped cells that act as a VALVE to regulate water flow into _____
Porocytes
dermal ostia
internal ostia
Asconoid sponges
Spongocoel
CELL TYPES:
_____(_____)
Amoeboid type cells
Roam the ____ to receive particles from choanocytes for ____, they also ____ old cells
They contain much ____
They are ____ they can differentiate into any other type of cell
Archaeocytes(Amoebocytes)
Mesenchyme
Digestion
Phagocytize
RNA
Totipotent
CELL TYPES| ARCHAEOCYTES/AMOEBOCYTES:
Specialized amoebocyte cells secrete skeletal elements:
1 _____ : _____
2 _____ : _____
3 _____ : _____
1 Sclerocytes : Spicules (silica or CaCO3)
2 Spongocytes : Proteinaceous spongin fibers
3 Collencytes : Proteinaceous collagen fibers
Sponge spicule morphological diversity:
Monoaxon:
_____
Triaxons:
_____
_____
Tetraxon:
_____
Polyaxon:
_____
Monoaxon:
Diactine
Triaxons:
Triactine
Hexactine
Tetraxon:
Tetractine
Polyaxon:
Polyactine
WATER FLOW AND BODY STRUCTURE OF SPONGE:
- ____ wall with three layers
- ____ The outer layer with epidermal cells
- ____ water enters through channels created by them
- _____ water further passes through and enters this cavity
- _____ the cavity is lined with these that create a current
- _____ Food is engulfed
- _____ transport nutrients to other cells and produce materials for skeletal fibers
WATER FLOW AND BODY STRUCTURE OF SPONGE:
1. Mesohyl
2. Epidermis
3. Porocytes
4. Spongocoel
5. Choanocytes
6. Phagocytosis
7. Amoebocyte
3 ORGANIZATIONS OF SPONGES BASED ON BODY PLAN (simplest to most complicated)
Asconoid
Syconoid
Leuconoid
BODY PLANS:
____
Simplest system, with only one ostia opening
Body seldom exceeds ____ in diameter and is usual vase or tube shaped
Spongocoel is large and flagellated
Asconoid
1 mm
BODY PLANS:
_____
More complex canal system, horizontal folding of wall
Two canal types ____ (non-flagellated) and ____(flagellated) parallel and alternating.
Two openings ____ and ___ in body wall
Spongocoel is narrow and non-flagellated
It is lined by ____
Syconoid
Incurrent canal
Radial canal
Dermal Ostia
Prosopyles
Pinacocytes
BODY PLANS:
______
Most complex canal system.
Flagellated chambers lined by ____
All other spaces lined by ____
Incurrent canals open into _____ through the ____
Grow over ___ in diameter
Spongocoel is excessively narrow and partly disappeared
Leuconoid
Choanocytes
Pinacocytes
Flagellated cluster chambers
Prosopyles
1m
BODY PLAN:
All freshwater and most shallow-water marine sponges have _____ bodies
____ and ____ groups specifically only exist in that form
leuconoid
Hexactinellida
Demospongiae
THREE TYPES OF CANAL SYSTEM:
Ascon
Sycon
Leucon
Ascon canal system order (5):
Ingressing water
Ostia
Spongocoel
Osculum
Outside
Sycon canal system order (9):
Ingressing water
Dermal ostia
Incurrent canal
prosopyles
radial canals
apopyles
Spongocoel
Osculum
Outside
Leucon canal system order (10):
Ingressing water
Dermal ostia
Incurrent canal
Prosopyles
Flagellated chambers
Apopyles
Excurrent canals
Osculum
Outside
SUPPORT:
Skeletal framework can be _____ or _____
Fibrous part from collagen fibrils in the intracellular matrix _____
Rigid Skeletons From needlelike spicules
______ and _____
Fibrous
Rigid
Spongin
Calcareous
Siliceous
SUPPORT:
____ maintain the shape and keep pores and canals open
They can be made out of:
______
______ makes a network that looks like fiberglass
______ Flexible protein fibers related to keratin
Spicules
Calcium Carbonate
Silica
Spongin
FEEDING AND DIGESTION:
They feed on (3):
____ can eat large particles
_____ can eat small particles
There is one sponge that is a predator: _______
Lives in stagnant water in the mediterranean caves. Has a tentacle with velcro-like hooks.
Detritus
Plankton
Bacteria
Archaeocytes
Choanocytes
Cladorhiza corona
OTHER SYSTEMS:
_____ Method of getting O2 and removing wastes and CO2
As sponges dont have nervous systems or sense organs, they can react to local stimuli or produce ____ and ____
Simple diffusion
electrical and chemical signals
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Asexual reproduction (mitotic cell division):
_____ grows on the parent sponge and breaks off to make a new sponge
____/____ sponges are broken/split into pieces that make new clones
_____ internal buds that can survive extremely unfavorable conditions
Budding
Fission/Fragmentation
Gemmules
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
____ stored in the walls of sponges ____ released into the water
Most sponges are _____ where they can function both male and female however, most sponges do so in ____ from one sex to another
Eggs
Sperm
Hermaphrodites
Sequential hermaphroditism
Four classification based on skeletal characteristics:
_____ calcareous sponges
_____ glass sponges
_____ bath sponges
_____ unique type
Calcarea
Hexactinellida
Demospongiae
Homoscleromorpha
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SKELETAL CHARACTERISTICS:
______
Most diverse class, 76% or 8800 of identified species
Made up of ____
demospongiae
silica-based spicules
CLASS DEMOSPONGIAE:
_____ bath sponge also belonging in a group called _____
Spicule skeleton is absent and replaced with ____ causing an irregular shape
It has several large ____ but with numerous small ____
Spongia
Horny sponges
Spongin fiber
Oscula
Ostia
CLASS DEMOSPONGIAE:
_____ Elephant’s ear sponge
Skeleton is only made up of ____ with NO ____
Some species are known to produce ____ which have biomedical properties
Carteriospongia
Sponging
NO spicules
Cytotoxic chemicals
CLASS DEMOSPONGIAE:
_____ Barrel sponge
Can grow as much as 1.5 high and have volcano or barrel bodies
They have a large ____ into a cavernous ____ which serves as a great shelter
There are ____ supporting its body
Xestospongia
Osculum
Spongocoel
Siliceous monaxon spicules
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SKELETAL CHARACTERISTICS:
_____
Species from all main body structure (asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid, solenoid)
Small and drab in color, approx 400 species
Spicule skeletons are made of ____
Calcarea
CaCO3
CLASS CALCAREA:
_____
Occur in clusters or colonies in shore waters
Their body is ___ and opens at the tip through the ____
Leucosolenia
Tubular
Osculum
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SKELETAL CHARACTERISTICS:
_____
Deep-sea leuconoids nicknamed “glass sponges”
Conduct electrical impulses with a quick response to stimuli
Hexactinellida
CLASS HEXACTINELLIDA:
_____
Venus flower basket
Is ____ with a cylindrical and curved body.
The openings in the meshwork of ____ are called ____.
Feather-duster like spicules project from it called ____
There are ____ between spicules which are full of many ____ with the biggest coninuous syncytium known in the metazoa
Euplectella
Syconoid
6-rayed spicules
Parietal gaps
Floricomes
Coenocytic syncytium
Amoebocyte psuedopods
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SKELETAL CHARACTERISTICS:
_____
Massive_____, little spicule variation
The most distinct from the demospongiae
Homoscleromorpha
Leuconoid
