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Animal Biodiversity > PHYLUM PORIFERA > Flashcards

PHYLUM PORIFERA Flashcards

1
Q

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Porifera = ____(___) + ____(___)

A

Porifera = porus(pore) + ferre(to bear)

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2
Q

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

____ which is to be permanently attached to the substrate

HABITAT:
They are mostly ____ but sometimes ____

COLOR:
______ sponges are brightly colored
______ are small and dull green color

A

Sessile

Marine
Freshwater

Saltwater
Freshwater

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3
Q

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Amount of living species____ and fossil forms _____

Size of Porifera ___ to ____

Although most corals are asymmetrical, some are ____

A

9000 living
2200 fossil

1 cm to 2 meters

Radially symmetrical

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4
Q

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Sponges have NO _____ or ____ but individual cells react to changes in the environment

They ____ by drawing water through pores
Meanwhile ____ ingest bacteria and particulate food suspended in the water

A

NO nerves or muscles

Filter-feed
Choanocytes

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5
Q

GENERAL MORPHOLOGY:

____ pores on the surface of each sponge also known as ____

____ Central hollow cavity also known as _____

_____ Opens to outside through this large circular opening, the exit of water

A

Ostia
Incurrent Pores

Spongocoel
Paragastric Cavity

Osculum

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6
Q

BODY WALL:
Three layers that are not true tissues:

_____ External, epithelium-like
____ Gelatinous matrix of protein, in-between
_____ Internal, flagellated

A

Pinacoderm
Mesenchyme
Choanoderm

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7
Q

THE 4 TYPES OF CELLS ARE:

Most of them are ____

A

Amoebocyte
Porocyte
Pinacocyte
Choanocyte

Most of them are PLURIPOTENT

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8
Q

CELL TYPES:

_____(_____)
Most distinctive/important of the sponge cells used for FEEDING

Genetically, they are almost identical to _____, the ancestors of animals

Each has a ____, which beats to draw water currents into the sponge

Surrounded by a sieve-like _____ that acts as a strainer, made of ____ and ____

Food is absorbed through ____ by the collar cell and then sent to other cells

A

Choanocytes(Collar cells)

Choanoflagellates

Flagellum

Collar
microvilli and microfibrils

Phagocytosis

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9
Q

CELL TYPES | CHOANOCYTES:

Choanocytes line major cavities depending on their ______

______ on asconoid types
______ on syconoid types
______ on leuconoid types

A

CANAL SYSTEMS

Spongocoel
Radial canals
Flagellated Chambers

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10
Q

CELL TYPES:

_____
Nearest thing to tissues

Form the outer “EPITHELIUM and sometimes lines inner passages

They are highly ____ = ____ in circular bands around oscula to regulate water flow

A

Pinacocytes

Contractile = myocytes

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11
Q

CELL TYPES:

_____
form the INCURRENT PORES (ostia)

Opening of incurrent canals:
_____ from outside
_____ into spongocoel

Tubular cells which form the pores of ____ sponges

Single tube-shaped cells that act as a VALVE to regulate water flow into _____

A

Porocytes

dermal ostia
internal ostia

Asconoid sponges

Spongocoel

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12
Q

CELL TYPES:

_____(_____)
Amoeboid type cells

Roam the ____ to receive particles from choanocytes for ____, they also ____ old cells

They contain much ____

They are ____ they can differentiate into any other type of cell

A

Archaeocytes(Amoebocytes)

Mesenchyme
Digestion
Phagocytize

RNA

Totipotent

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13
Q

CELL TYPES| ARCHAEOCYTES/AMOEBOCYTES:

Specialized amoebocyte cells secrete skeletal elements:

1 _____ : _____
2 _____ : _____
3 _____ : _____

A

1 Sclerocytes : Spicules (silica or CaCO3)

2 Spongocytes : Proteinaceous spongin fibers

3 Collencytes : Proteinaceous collagen fibers

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14
Q

Sponge spicule morphological diversity:

Monoaxon:
_____

Triaxons:
_____
_____

Tetraxon:
_____

Polyaxon:
_____

A

Monoaxon:
Diactine

Triaxons:
Triactine
Hexactine

Tetraxon:
Tetractine

Polyaxon:
Polyactine

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15
Q

WATER FLOW AND BODY STRUCTURE OF SPONGE:

  1. ____ wall with three layers
  2. ____ The outer layer with epidermal cells
  3. ____ water enters through channels created by them
  4. _____ water further passes through and enters this cavity
  5. _____ the cavity is lined with these that create a current
  6. _____ Food is engulfed
  7. _____ transport nutrients to other cells and produce materials for skeletal fibers
A

WATER FLOW AND BODY STRUCTURE OF SPONGE:
1. Mesohyl
2. Epidermis
3. Porocytes
4. Spongocoel
5. Choanocytes
6. Phagocytosis
7. Amoebocyte

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16
Q

3 ORGANIZATIONS OF SPONGES BASED ON BODY PLAN (simplest to most complicated)

A

Asconoid
Syconoid
Leuconoid

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17
Q

BODY PLANS:

____
Simplest system, with only one ostia opening

Body seldom exceeds ____ in diameter and is usual vase or tube shaped

Spongocoel is large and flagellated

A

Asconoid

1 mm

18
Q

BODY PLANS:

_____
More complex canal system, horizontal folding of wall

Two canal types ____ (non-flagellated) and ____(flagellated) parallel and alternating.

Two openings ____ and ___ in body wall

Spongocoel is narrow and non-flagellated

It is lined by ____

A

Syconoid

Incurrent canal
Radial canal

Dermal Ostia
Prosopyles

Pinacocytes

19
Q

BODY PLANS:

______

Most complex canal system.

Flagellated chambers lined by ____

All other spaces lined by ____

Incurrent canals open into _____ through the ____

Grow over ___ in diameter

Spongocoel is excessively narrow and partly disappeared

A

Leuconoid

Choanocytes

Pinacocytes

Flagellated cluster chambers
Prosopyles

1m

20
Q

BODY PLAN:

All freshwater and most shallow-water marine sponges have _____ bodies

____ and ____ groups specifically only exist in that form

A

leuconoid

Hexactinellida
Demospongiae

21
Q

THREE TYPES OF CANAL SYSTEM:

A

Ascon

Sycon

Leucon

22
Q

Ascon canal system order (5):

A

Ingressing water

Ostia

Spongocoel

Osculum

Outside

23
Q

Sycon canal system order (9):

A

Ingressing water

Dermal ostia

Incurrent canal

prosopyles

radial canals

apopyles

Spongocoel

Osculum

Outside

24
Q

Leucon canal system order (10):

A

Ingressing water

Dermal ostia

Incurrent canal

Prosopyles

Flagellated chambers

Apopyles

Excurrent canals

Osculum

Outside

25
Q

SUPPORT:

Skeletal framework can be _____ or _____

Fibrous part from collagen fibrils in the intracellular matrix _____

Rigid Skeletons From needlelike spicules
______ and _____

A

Fibrous
Rigid

Spongin

Calcareous
Siliceous

26
Q

SUPPORT:

____ maintain the shape and keep pores and canals open

They can be made out of:

______

______ makes a network that looks like fiberglass

______ Flexible protein fibers related to keratin

A

Spicules

Calcium Carbonate
Silica
Spongin

27
Q

FEEDING AND DIGESTION:

They feed on (3):

____ can eat large particles
_____ can eat small particles

There is one sponge that is a predator: _______
Lives in stagnant water in the mediterranean caves. Has a tentacle with velcro-like hooks.

A

Detritus
Plankton
Bacteria

Archaeocytes
Choanocytes

Cladorhiza corona

28
Q

OTHER SYSTEMS:

_____ Method of getting O2 and removing wastes and CO2

As sponges dont have nervous systems or sense organs, they can react to local stimuli or produce ____ and ____

A

Simple diffusion

electrical and chemical signals

29
Q

REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Asexual reproduction (mitotic cell division):

_____ grows on the parent sponge and breaks off to make a new sponge

____/____ sponges are broken/split into pieces that make new clones

_____ internal buds that can survive extremely unfavorable conditions

A

Budding

Fission/Fragmentation

Gemmules

30
Q

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

____ stored in the walls of sponges ____ released into the water

Most sponges are _____ where they can function both male and female however, most sponges do so in ____ from one sex to another

A

Eggs
Sperm

Hermaphrodites

Sequential hermaphroditism

31
Q

Four classification based on skeletal characteristics:

_____ calcareous sponges
_____ glass sponges
_____ bath sponges
_____ unique type

A

Calcarea
Hexactinellida
Demospongiae
Homoscleromorpha

32
Q

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SKELETAL CHARACTERISTICS:

______
Most diverse class, 76% or 8800 of identified species

Made up of ____

A

demospongiae
silica-based spicules

33
Q

CLASS DEMOSPONGIAE:

_____ bath sponge also belonging in a group called _____

Spicule skeleton is absent and replaced with ____ causing an irregular shape

It has several large ____ but with numerous small ____

A

Spongia
Horny sponges

Spongin fiber

Oscula
Ostia

34
Q

CLASS DEMOSPONGIAE:

_____ Elephant’s ear sponge

Skeleton is only made up of ____ with NO ____

Some species are known to produce ____ which have biomedical properties

A

Carteriospongia

Sponging
NO spicules

Cytotoxic chemicals

35
Q

CLASS DEMOSPONGIAE:

_____ Barrel sponge
Can grow as much as 1.5 high and have volcano or barrel bodies

They have a large ____ into a cavernous ____ which serves as a great shelter

There are ____ supporting its body

A

Xestospongia

Osculum
Spongocoel

Siliceous monaxon spicules

36
Q

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SKELETAL CHARACTERISTICS:

_____
Species from all main body structure (asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid, solenoid)

Small and drab in color, approx 400 species

Spicule skeletons are made of ____

A

Calcarea

CaCO3

37
Q

CLASS CALCAREA:

_____
Occur in clusters or colonies in shore waters

Their body is ___ and opens at the tip through the ____

A

Leucosolenia

Tubular
Osculum

38
Q

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SKELETAL CHARACTERISTICS:

_____
Deep-sea leuconoids nicknamed “glass sponges”

Conduct electrical impulses with a quick response to stimuli

A

Hexactinellida

39
Q

CLASS HEXACTINELLIDA:

_____
Venus flower basket
Is ____ with a cylindrical and curved body.

The openings in the meshwork of ____ are called ____.

Feather-duster like spicules project from it called ____

There are ____ between spicules which are full of many ____ with the biggest coninuous syncytium known in the metazoa

A

Euplectella

Syconoid

6-rayed spicules
Parietal gaps

Floricomes

Coenocytic syncytium
Amoebocyte psuedopods

40
Q

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SKELETAL CHARACTERISTICS:

_____
Massive_____, little spicule variation

The most distinct from the demospongiae

A

Homoscleromorpha

Leuconoid

Animal Biodiversity (9 decks)

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