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Animal Biodiversity > INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

3 Domains:

6 Kingdoms:

A

Domains:
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Kingdoms:
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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2
Q

Cell Structure:
Only Kingdom with no Cell Wall: _____

Cell wall with peptidoglycan : ____ and ____

Cell wall with cellulose & chloroplasts: ____ and _____

Cell wall with chitin ____

A

Animalia

Bacteria & Archaea

Protista & Plantae

Fungi

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3
Q

Mode of nutrition:
Only autotroph:

Only Heterotroph:

A

Only autotroph:
Plantae

Only Heterotroph:
Fungi
Animalia

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4
Q

No nervous system (3)

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi

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5
Q

Reproduction:

Asexual (2)

Both(2)

Sexual (2)

A

Asexual (2)
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria

Both (2)
Protista
Fungi

Sexual (2)
Plantae
Animalia

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6
Q

Means of genetic recombination:

Conjugation, transduction, transformation (2)

Fertilization and meiosis (4)

A

Conjugation, transduction, transformation (2)
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria

Fertilization and meiosis (4)
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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7
Q

EXAMPLES:

Eubacteria _____

Archaebacteria _____

Protista ____

Fungi ____

Plantae ____

Animalia _____

A

Eubacteria
Escherichia coli

Archaebacteria
Halophiles

Protista
Amoeba, Slime mold

Fungi
Mushroom, yeast

Plantae
Ferns

Animalia
Sponges, worms

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8
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of animals:

Animals are classified based on (4)

A

Anatomy
Morphology
Genetic makeup
Evolutionary history

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9
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of animals:

All animals are ____, ____ organisms with ____ tissue

However, they are _____ as they need to consume other organisms as they can’t synthesize their own food

They have No ____

Usually ___ for at least some stages of their lives and usually reproduce ____

A

Eukaryotic, multicellular, differentiated tissue

Heterotrophs

No cell wall

Motile
Reproduce sexually

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10
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of animals:

____ genes regulate the development of body form. They are highly conserved over the course of evolution.

A

Hox genes

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11
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of animals (Nutritional mode):

Animals differ from both plants and fungi in their mode of nutrition.
Plants: _____

Fungi: _____

A

Plants: Autotrophic

Fungi: Heterotrophs

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12
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of animals (Cell structure and specialization):

Animals lack cell walls however they are held by extracellular structural proteins, most abundantly _____ and by unique types of ____

Cells of most animals are organized into ____ which are groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit.

Example:
_____ - movement
_____ - nerve impulses

A

Collagen
Intracellular junctions

Tissues |

Muscle tissues
Nervous tissues

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13
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of animals (Reproduction and Development):

Most animals reproduce _____ with the ____ stage dominating the life cycle

After fertilization, the ____ undergoes rapid cell division called ____, succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth leading to the formation of a _____

Afterwards, it goes through ____ and turns into a _____ which then leads to it turning into adults

A

Sexually
Diploid

zygote
cleavage
blastula

gastrulation
gastrula

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14
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of animals (Reproduction and Development):

Other animals like the sea star develop into one or more _____, which is an immature individual that looks different from the adult animal.

The larve then undergoes through a major change called ___ where it then turns sexually mature

A

Larval stages
metamorphis

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15
Q

Early embryonic development in animals (Figure 2)

  1. _____
    Undergoes succession of mitotic cell divisions called cleavage
  2. _____
    Only one cleavage stage is shown here
  3. ____
    Results from cleavage, a hollow ball of cells
  4. _____
    A rearrangement of the embryo in which one end of the embryo folds inward, expands and fills the ____ producing layers of embryonic tissues (2)
  5. _____
    Forms a pouch called the ____ which open to the outside called a ____
A
  1. Zygote
  2. Eight-cell stage
  3. Blastula
  4. Gastrulation
    Blastocoel
    Ectoderm, endoderm
  5. Gastrula
    Archenteron
    Blastopore
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16
Q

Overview of Animal Phylogeny and Diversity:

All animals came from one organism, a _____ which is a _____ or an aggregate of identical cells

it is why animal phylogeny and diversity is considered _____

A

Choanoflagellates
Colonial protist

Monophyletic

17
Q

Overview of Animal Phylogeny and Diversity:

The traditional phylogenetic tree of animals is based mainly on ____ (Organizational complexity in a group of animals) in ____ (a set of morphological and developmental traits.

It is not necessarily a clade or a monophyletic group.

A

grade

body plan

18
Q

A Phylogenetic tree of animals Branch points (4):

  1. ____ lack _____
  2. ___ and ___ are the major branches of _____
  3. Evolution of _____ led to more complex animals
  4. _____ branched into ____ and _____
A
  1. Protozoans lack true tissues
  2. Radiata and Bilateria are the major branches of eumetozoans
  3. Evolution of body cavities led to more complex animals
  4. Coelomates branched into protostomes annd deuterostomes
19
Q

Three criteria used to categorize animals (3)

A

Body plan
-The general structure, arrangement of organ systems. and integrated functioning of parts

Tissue layer
- Germ layers which give rise to the organs of the animal

Developmental patterns

20
Q

Animals grouped by criteria:

____ The general structure, arrangement of organ systems, and integrated functioning of parts

Two key features:

A

Body plan

Two key features:
Symmetry
Body Cavity Structure

21
Q

Animals grouped by criteria (Body Plan):

Two types of body plan symmetry:
____ body divides equally along one plane. Only one imaginary cut creates a mirror image
example: _____(Anthropoda)

____ body arranged in circle around a central axis. Any imaginary cut creates a mirror image
example: _____(Cnidiria)

A

Bilateral symmetry
example: Lobster (anthropoda)

Radial symmetry
example: Sea anemone (Cnidiria)

22
Q

Animals grouped by criteria (Body Plan):

Parts animals with Bilateral symmetry have:
A ____(top) side and a ____(bottom) side
A ___ and ___ side
____(head) and _____(tail) ends
_____ the development of a head

A

dorsal (top) and ventral(bottom)
right and left
Anterior (head) and posterior (tail)
Cephalization

23
Q

Animals grouped by criteria (Body Plan):

The symmetry of an animal generally fits its lifestyle.

  • Radial animals are ____ or like plankton which weakly swim
  • Bilateral animals are ____
A

sessile

active

24
Q

Animals grouped by criteria (Tissue layers):

Embryonic germ layers:

_____ covering the embryo’s surface, also forms the exoskeleton

_____ the innermost germ layer and lines the archenteron

____ middle layer, develops into organs

Types of animals:

____ animals have ectoderm and endoderm

____ animals also have a mesoderm layer

A

Embryonic germ layers:
Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Types of animals:

Diploblastic
Triploblastic

25
Q

Animals grouped by criteria (Body cavities):

A true body cavity is called a _____ and is derived from the _____. Animals with this feature are called _____

A _____ is a body cavity derived from a ____. Triploblastic animals that possess this feature are called _____

Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are called _____

A

Coelom
mesoderm
Coelomates

Pseudocoelom
blastocoel

pseudocoelomates

acoelomates

26
Q

Animals grouped by criteria (Body cavities):

Coelomate parts (4)

Psuedocoelomate parts (4)

Acoelomate parts (3)

A

Coelomate
- Coelom, Body covering, Tissue Layer lining coelom, Digestive tract

Pseudocoelomate
- Pseudocoelom, Body covering, Muscle layer, Digestive tract

Acoelomate
- Body covering, tissue-filled region, wall of digestive cavity

27
Q

Coelomates branched into protostome and deuterostome:

Protostome examples (3)

Deuterostomes examples (2)

Differences center on ____, ____, and _____

A

Protostome
Mollusks, annelids, arthropods

Deuterostomes
Echinoderms, chordates

Cleavage pattern, coelom formation, blastopore fate

28
Q

Cleavage:

Animals with spiral cleavage, (2):

Animals with radial cleavage (2):

A

Animals with spiral cleavage (2):
Mollusks, Annelids

Animals with radial cleavage (2):
Chordates, Echinoderms

29
Q

Coelom formation:

____ solid masses of ____ split to form coelom

____ folds of ____ form coelom

A

Schizocoelous
mesoderm

Enterocoelous
Archenteron

30
Q

Blastopore Fate (Gastrulation):

In triploblastic animals, there are two patterns of development the blastopore goes through

_____ (mouth first)

_____ (mouth second, anus first)

A

Protostomes

Deuterostomes

31
Q

The animal kingdom has been divided into two major groups: ______ (____) and ______(____)

A

Invertebrates (Non-chordates)
Vertebrates (chordates)

32
Q

Lower and Higher invertebrates with their differences

Lower invertebrates (3)

Higher invertebrates (3)

A

Lower Invertebrates:
Simple body organization
Small
Originated main lines of evolution

Higher Invertebrates:
Complex body organization
Larger
Higher position in phylogenetic tree

Animal Biodiversity (9 decks)

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