INTRODUCTION Flashcards
3 Domains:
6 Kingdoms:
Domains:
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Kingdoms:
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Cell Structure:
Only Kingdom with no Cell Wall: _____
Cell wall with peptidoglycan : ____ and ____
Cell wall with cellulose & chloroplasts: ____ and _____
Cell wall with chitin ____
Animalia
Bacteria & Archaea
Protista & Plantae
Fungi
Mode of nutrition:
Only autotroph:
Only Heterotroph:
Only autotroph:
Plantae
Only Heterotroph:
Fungi
Animalia
No nervous system (3)
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Reproduction:
Asexual (2)
Both(2)
Sexual (2)
Asexual (2)
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Both (2)
Protista
Fungi
Sexual (2)
Plantae
Animalia
Means of genetic recombination:
Conjugation, transduction, transformation (2)
Fertilization and meiosis (4)
Conjugation, transduction, transformation (2)
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
Fertilization and meiosis (4)
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
EXAMPLES:
Eubacteria _____
Archaebacteria _____
Protista ____
Fungi ____
Plantae ____
Animalia _____
Eubacteria
Escherichia coli
Archaebacteria
Halophiles
Protista
Amoeba, Slime mold
Fungi
Mushroom, yeast
Plantae
Ferns
Animalia
Sponges, worms
Distinguishing characteristics of animals:
Animals are classified based on (4)
Anatomy
Morphology
Genetic makeup
Evolutionary history
Distinguishing characteristics of animals:
All animals are ____, ____ organisms with ____ tissue
However, they are _____ as they need to consume other organisms as they can’t synthesize their own food
They have No ____
Usually ___ for at least some stages of their lives and usually reproduce ____
Eukaryotic, multicellular, differentiated tissue
Heterotrophs
No cell wall
Motile
Reproduce sexually
Distinguishing characteristics of animals:
____ genes regulate the development of body form. They are highly conserved over the course of evolution.
Hox genes
Distinguishing characteristics of animals (Nutritional mode):
Animals differ from both plants and fungi in their mode of nutrition.
Plants: _____
Fungi: _____
Plants: Autotrophic
Fungi: Heterotrophs
Distinguishing characteristics of animals (Cell structure and specialization):
Animals lack cell walls however they are held by extracellular structural proteins, most abundantly _____ and by unique types of ____
Cells of most animals are organized into ____ which are groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit.
Example:
_____ - movement
_____ - nerve impulses
Collagen
Intracellular junctions
Tissues |
Muscle tissues
Nervous tissues
Distinguishing characteristics of animals (Reproduction and Development):
Most animals reproduce _____ with the ____ stage dominating the life cycle
After fertilization, the ____ undergoes rapid cell division called ____, succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth leading to the formation of a _____
Afterwards, it goes through ____ and turns into a _____ which then leads to it turning into adults
Sexually
Diploid
zygote
cleavage
blastula
gastrulation
gastrula
Distinguishing characteristics of animals (Reproduction and Development):
Other animals like the sea star develop into one or more _____, which is an immature individual that looks different from the adult animal.
The larve then undergoes through a major change called ___ where it then turns sexually mature
Larval stages
metamorphis
Early embryonic development in animals (Figure 2)
- _____
Undergoes succession of mitotic cell divisions called cleavage - _____
Only one cleavage stage is shown here - ____
Results from cleavage, a hollow ball of cells - _____
A rearrangement of the embryo in which one end of the embryo folds inward, expands and fills the ____ producing layers of embryonic tissues (2) - _____
Forms a pouch called the ____ which open to the outside called a ____
- Zygote
- Eight-cell stage
- Blastula
- Gastrulation
Blastocoel
Ectoderm, endoderm - Gastrula
Archenteron
Blastopore
Overview of Animal Phylogeny and Diversity:
All animals came from one organism, a _____ which is a _____ or an aggregate of identical cells
it is why animal phylogeny and diversity is considered _____
Choanoflagellates
Colonial protist
Monophyletic
Overview of Animal Phylogeny and Diversity:
The traditional phylogenetic tree of animals is based mainly on ____ (Organizational complexity in a group of animals) in ____ (a set of morphological and developmental traits.
It is not necessarily a clade or a monophyletic group.
grade
body plan
A Phylogenetic tree of animals Branch points (4):
- ____ lack _____
- ___ and ___ are the major branches of _____
- Evolution of _____ led to more complex animals
- _____ branched into ____ and _____
- Protozoans lack true tissues
- Radiata and Bilateria are the major branches of eumetozoans
- Evolution of body cavities led to more complex animals
- Coelomates branched into protostomes annd deuterostomes
Three criteria used to categorize animals (3)
Body plan
-The general structure, arrangement of organ systems. and integrated functioning of parts
Tissue layer
- Germ layers which give rise to the organs of the animal
Developmental patterns
Animals grouped by criteria:
____ The general structure, arrangement of organ systems, and integrated functioning of parts
Two key features:
Body plan
Two key features:
Symmetry
Body Cavity Structure
Animals grouped by criteria (Body Plan):
Two types of body plan symmetry:
____ body divides equally along one plane. Only one imaginary cut creates a mirror image
example: _____(Anthropoda)
____ body arranged in circle around a central axis. Any imaginary cut creates a mirror image
example: _____(Cnidiria)
Bilateral symmetry
example: Lobster (anthropoda)
Radial symmetry
example: Sea anemone (Cnidiria)
Animals grouped by criteria (Body Plan):
Parts animals with Bilateral symmetry have:
A ____(top) side and a ____(bottom) side
A ___ and ___ side
____(head) and _____(tail) ends
_____ the development of a head
dorsal (top) and ventral(bottom)
right and left
Anterior (head) and posterior (tail)
Cephalization
Animals grouped by criteria (Body Plan):
The symmetry of an animal generally fits its lifestyle.
- Radial animals are ____ or like plankton which weakly swim
- Bilateral animals are ____
sessile
active
Animals grouped by criteria (Tissue layers):
Embryonic germ layers:
_____ covering the embryo’s surface, also forms the exoskeleton
_____ the innermost germ layer and lines the archenteron
____ middle layer, develops into organs
Types of animals:
____ animals have ectoderm and endoderm
____ animals also have a mesoderm layer
Embryonic germ layers:
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Types of animals:
Diploblastic
Triploblastic
