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Biology Exam 4 > Phylum Nematoda > Flashcards

Phylum Nematoda Flashcards

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1
Q

What is common name for phylum Nematodes?

A

Roundworms
12,000 known species
500,000 more to discover

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2
Q

What is the first organism in Phylum Nematodes?

A

Caenorhabditis Elegans.

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3
Q

What is special about Caenorhabditis Elegans?

A

It is the most researched organism on Planet Earth.
It was the first organism to known for their complete genome.
They use it a lot in Biochemistry, because of Eutely (No of cells are constant)

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4
Q

Is Caenorhabditis Elegans free living or Non free living?

A

They are free living and Parasitic.

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5
Q

Do Caenorhabditis Elegans have Hypodermis?

A

Yes, hypodermis is underneath of cuticle, so hypodermis secretes the non living cuticle.

In which cuticle is made up of Collagen, which is outside of the hypodermis.

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6
Q

Do Caenorhabditis Elegans have cilia or Flagella?

A

No, they don’t have any of these.

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7
Q

What muscles do Caenorhabditis Elegans have?

A

They only have longitudinal muscles

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8
Q

What Caenorhabditis Elegans have for muscle contraction?

A

They have glycogen which is used by their Muscles cells to contract for cellular respiration.

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9
Q

What Nice about Caenorhabditis Elegans muscles?

A

They are only organism in animal kingdom that there
Muscles Extends to Axon(Neurons).
Muscles cell go to Neuron and neuron release neurotransmitters and muscle contracts.

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10
Q

How Caenorhabditis Elegans move?

A

They have Thrashing Movement (earthworms move by Peristalsis).

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11
Q

Caenorhabditis Elegans sexes?

A

There sexes are separate that’s why they are Dioecious.

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12
Q

Is Caenorhabditis Elegans Male have what?

A

Male have Copulatory Bursa, and spicules.
Which go and hang on to female and transfer sperm to female.
Spicules is structure that open up vagina and then copulatory bursa go to vagina and insert the sperm.

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13
Q

What fertilization do Caenorhabditis Elegans have?

A

They have Internal fertilization.

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14
Q

What stages do Caenorhabditis Elegans have?

A

They have four Juvenile stages (L1, L2, L3, Adult).
So after the egg they molt and then every stage of juvenile stage they Molt to become L1, L2, L3, Adult.
L3 is the most Infective Stage.
They are Oviparous. (Means they lay eggs)

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15
Q

Explain Thrashing Movement ?

A

They have skeletal muscles, Hydrostatic Pressure (fluid inside of them), cuticle.

Skeletal muscles makes them;- Thinner and Straight.
H Pressure and Cuticle makes them;- Curve.

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16
Q

Cross section of Caenorhabditis Elegans?

A

Cuticle(non-living) ➡️ Hypodermis ➡️ Nerve Cord ➡️ Ovary ➡️ Oviduct ➡️ Uterus
Excretory canals runs through Lateral Lines.

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17
Q

What is Advantages of having space (coelom)

A

1) Freedom of Movement:- Because of this space animal can grow very Larger. Aniamals who don’t have space they cannot grow Larger.
Better Circulation:- better circulation of waste, food materials or Oxygen.
2) Storage for waste.
3) Hydrostatic Pressure;- it allows the animal to move.
4) Space for Development.

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18
Q

Organism in Phlyum Nematoda?

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides and Ascaris Suum

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19
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoids and Ascaris Suum are found in?

A

Human and Pig swine.

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20
Q

Ascaris Suum in human?

A

In human it can be very dangerous. If the Egg become larva stages in the head, they can cause death in human.

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21
Q

A. Lumbricoids and A.Suum are found in what countries?

A

Both of these are found in United States

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22
Q

Egg of A.L A.S?

A

There egg can stay in environment for very long time.
15-49 cm long

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23
Q

Shape of A.L A.S?

A

They are larger than other roundworms.
Mouth have 3 lips
Anus on central side

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24
Q

Male of A.L A.S?

A

Male have spicules on the curved posterior end instead of Copulatory bursa.
Curved🧎🏻‍♂️

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25
Q

Female of A.L A.S?

A

Female have the Y shape Reproductive Tract.
Thin Ovary ➡️ Larger Oviduct ➡️ Even Larger Uterus.

Straight 🧍🏻‍♀️

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26
Q

Fertilization of A.L A.S?

A

Fertilization is After Copulation

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27
Q

Intestinal Round worms in Dogs?

A

Toxocara Canis 🐕

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28
Q

Intestinal Round worms in Cat?

A

Toxocara Cati 🐈

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29
Q

Intestinal round worms from Ascaridae family in Wild carnivores?

A

Toxascaris Leonina. 🦒 🦓 🦔

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30
Q

Roundworms from Ascaridae Family?

A

If they ingest the egg of these organism Human cannot become infected, because we are not right host for them. We do feel little pain but.

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31
Q

Sylvatic cycle between Ascaridae family roundworms?

A

It’s between Rabbit and Dogs.

32
Q

If person is infected with these Ascaridae family roundworms a lot?

A

Roundworms can come from Anus or Mouth

33
Q

Raccoon Roundworm?

A

Baylisascaris Procyonis.

34
Q

Raccoon Roundworm?

A

129 species of birds and mammals have been killed,
Humans are also infected,
But Raccoon show no sign of infection.

35
Q

Life cycle of Raccoon Roundworm?

A

Roundworm completes its cycle in Raccoon.

36
Q

Raccoon Roundworm cause?

A

It cause Visceral, Ocular, and Neural Larva Migrants in Host but not in Raccoon.
Females lay millions of eggs that are shed through Feces.

37
Q

Hookworms?

A

Necator Americans and Ancylostoma Dudenale.

38
Q

Hookworms have what structures?

A

Their mouthpart have Teeth and Cutting plates.

39
Q

Hookworms are what?

A

They are Voracious blood sucker.
When they cling on small intestine and they cut intestine with teeth’s so the blood comes out, and then they use the oxygen from the blood, they don’t ingest the blood they only need the oxygen from the blood,
That’s why we see blood in feces.

40
Q

How are hookworms related to civil war?

A

They say they lost the Civil war because soldiers were infected with Necator Americans and Ancylostoma Deudenale.
Because they were tired All the time.

41
Q

Hookworms for Dogs?

A

Ancylostoma Caninum

42
Q

Ancylostoma Caninum for human?

A

In human it cause Cutaneous Larva Migrants.

43
Q

How human become infected with Ancylostoma dudenale and Necator Americans?

A

Egg ➡️ L1, L2, L3,
(They are not in egg anymore, last one was in egg, this one is not, it’s a larva outside of egg)
Then L3 penetrates human skin when we go to water, then L3 in human become L4 and Adult.

44
Q

How human get Ancylostoma Caninum?

A

When L3 penetrates human skin, it realize that ohh 😮 it’s not Dog, it does become L4, and it wiggle around human skin and if we put Hydrocortisone on top of them and kill them
So, Cutaneous Lava migrants is not BAD
VISCERAL larva migrants is very bad.

45
Q

Trichinella Spiralis?

A

Cause Trichinosis disease.

46
Q

Epidemiology of Trichinella spiralis? (Toxoplasma Gondi)

A

💪They penetrates skeletal muscles cell and can become one of the largest intracellular parasites.
(So, they are in humans skeletal muscle, and can become very large)
💪 Juvenile can redirect gene expression of host cell musculature where cells lose striations and become a nurse cells to the parasites.
💪 Hogs can become infected when eating uncooked scraps of infected meet or by eating infected rats or their droppings

47
Q

What harm human in Trichinella spiralis?

A

The Larva stage of this parasite harm human. Adult of this organism does not cause harm in human. They are just copulating and putting on the eggs and egg is becoming the larva which is harming human.

48
Q

Life cycle of Trichinella spiralis?

A

Domestic life cycle:- 🐶🐱 Pigs, Rats, human

Sylvatic life cycle:- 🐻 Trichinella spiralis love diaphragm, when person eat Trichinella spiralis it go to diaphragm they multiply multiply and then diaphragm become so heavy that the breathing cannot occur and person die from suffocating.

49
Q

What they look in pig 🐷 for Trichinella spiralis?

A

In Germany they take a piece of diaphragm from pig and they look at it in Microscope.
In U.S they take blood 🩸 samples and they look for Antibody for pig,

That’s why European countries do NOT like to buy U.S pork. Poland still get U.S Pork but not Germany.

50
Q

Common name for Enterobius Vermicularis?

A

Pinworm

51
Q

Pinworm cause what?

A

They cause little or No disease,
And they are very small.

52
Q

Where do pinworm live?

A

They live in Large intestine

53
Q

What happens to male after copulation in pinworm?

A

Male die after Copulation.
Female die after Oviposition.(after laying eggs)

54
Q

Why do pinworm die?

A

Because these organisms do not have to live their host. The whole lifecycle can be completed inside of the host.
That’s why they lay eggs and die so they can make room for the young ones.

55
Q

Where do sometime pinworm lay eggs?

A

Sometimes female pinworm can come near anus and lay eggs, and then go back up and die.

56
Q

How is egg 🪺 of pinworm?

A

Flat from one side and curved from other.

57
Q

Where do pinworm complete their life cycle?

A

They complete their lifecycle inside the host and when they become too much inside the body they cause constipation.
Retroinfection mean:- animal complete their life cycle inside the host.

58
Q

What is the most common pinworm in U.S.A?

A

Enteronius vermicularis is most common one, but cause little disease.

59
Q

Common name for Trichuris Trichuris?

A

Whipworm

60
Q

Where is T.Trichuris common in?

A

It’s common in Appalachian Mountain.

61
Q

Does Trichuris Trichuris cause harm?

A

They cause little harm if numbers are low.

62
Q

What type of egg do Trichuris Trichuris have?

A

They have operculated eggs just like Clonorchis sinensis.

63
Q

What happens in high infection of Trichuris Trichuris?

A

It can cause prolapsed Rectum.

64
Q

Filarial worm?

A

Wuchereria Bancrofti (Elephantiasis) 🦟 Africa(Mountains⛰️)
Onchocerciasis volvulus (Onchocerciasis, River Blindness) 🪰 Africa(Mountains⛰️)
Dirofillaria Immitis (Dog Heart worm)🫀🐶😸 🦟All over the world 🌍

65
Q

Where do filarial worm live?

A

They live in Lymphatic system, so that’s why the obsorption of edema from blood vessels would be very difficult, so the fluid accumulates in our body.
It cause elephantiasis because Arms and legs are scrotum and by Accumulation of edema. Edema can accumulate and it can become like elephant feet.

66
Q

Filarial worms give birth to?

A

Female give birth to microfilaria L1,
L1, L2, L3 inside the misquito and then L3 is transmitted to Human, and then L3 becomes L4 and adult p, then male and female copulate and release L1. Then fly or mosquito comes take a blood meal from human and that’s how L1 and transmitted to fly from human.

67
Q

Fly that lives in Runny water is called? Life cycle of Onchocerca volvulus?

A

Simulium
Life cycle is on the running water 💦 .
The larva can go in the eye and make the person blind.
So, there is a Bactria in this organism which can cause blindness not the actual organism.

68
Q

Dirofillaria Immitis?

A

Usually there is only one male and one female they copulate and release Microfillaria L1 into the blood circulation of dog, and then mosquito 🦟 comes take a blood meal from dog take it to another dog or cat and that’s how it’s transmitted.
Human can also be infected, they remove it by doing surgery.
In dog they give them drug as Prophylactic( so if mosquito will come and take a blood meal nothing will happen)

69
Q

Guinea worm?

A

Dracunculus Medinensis

70
Q

Intermediate host from Guinea worm?

A

Copepod
Final host human.
It is crustaceans that happenes in contaminated water

71
Q

How to get infected with Guinea worm?

A

By drinking contaminated water.

72
Q

Life cycle of Guinea worm?

A

Human drink contaminated water that have copepods, inside of that copepod is L3 ➡️ L3 goes inside of our duct, female makes it way to the legs and come down 🦵, then if we put our feet in water, then the female worm can come out of legs to lay out the L1 into the water, ➡️ then L1 go find Copepod and become L2, L3 inside the copepod

73
Q

How many possibilities we can get Guinea worm🪱 ?

A

Worm is coming out the egg
Or he is drinking the contaminated water.

74
Q

When dracunculus Medinensis is coming out of the leg?

A

If if the worms break then the person can go into prophylactics shock and died. So it is very important to take the worm out without breaking.
Stick is the perfect way.

75
Q

WHO proclaimed 6 major diseases.

A

Schistosomiasis
Malaria
Filariasis
Trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis & leprosy (is caused by bacteria and it cause disfiguration and death)

Biology Exam 4 (8 decks)

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