PHYLUM Flashcards
the study of phylogeny aims to
determine the evolutionary relationships between phyla.
ANIMAL PHYLOGENY
- principal taxonomic category that ranks above class and below kingdom.
Phyla
- means pore-bearing. Sponges take their name from small holes that cover their bodies. Phylum Porifera common name: Sponges. There are 900 species in this group, mostly marine. (ex: yellow sponge, tube sponge, vane sponge)
Porifera
• Spicule composed of calcium carbonate; spicule are needle shaped or have three or four rays; ascon, leucon, or sycon body forms; all marine.
Class Calcarea
• Spicules composed of silica and six rayed; spicules often fused into an intricate lattice; cup or vase shaped; syncytial epithelia; sycon or leucon body form.
Class Hexactinellida
• Brilliantly colored sponges with needle-shaped or four-rayed siliceous spicules or spongin or both; leucon body form; up to 1 m in height and
diameter.
Class Demospongiae
• Anatomically simple and encrusting in form. Siliceous spicules small and simple in shape or absent. Occur at depths ranging from shallow marine shelves to depths of 1,000 m.
Class Homoscleromorpha
CLASSIFICATION OF PORIFERA
Class Hexactinellida
Class Demospongiae
Class Homoscleromorpha
Class Calcarea
- soft-bodied stinging animals such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. (ex: jellyfish, hydra, coral, sea anemone)
Cnidaria
Examples of Cnidaria
Jellyfish
Hydra
Coral
Sea anemone
_______are small, relatively common cnidarians. The vast majority are marine, but this is the one cnidarian
class with freshwater representatives. (ex: hydra)
Hydrozoans
Class Hydrozoa
All marine and are “true jellyfish” because dominant stage in their life history is the medusa. Unlike hydrozoan Medusa, scyphozoan Medusa lack a velum, the mesoglea
contains amoeba mesenchyme cells, cnidocytes occur in the gastrodermis as well as the epidermis, and gametes
are gastrodermal in origin. Many scyphozoans are harmless to humans; others can deliver unpleasant and even dangerous stings.
Class Scyphozoa
Also known as stalk jellyfish. They live attached to rocks or other surfaces and mostly live in cold water.
Class Staurozoa
Also known as box-jellyfish. They are distributed throughout tropical waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Mediterranean Oceans. Their class and common names are derived from the cuboidal shape of the medusa.
Class Cubozoa
They include anemones and stony and soft corals. ________ are all marine and are found at all depths.
Class Anthozoa
CLASSIFICATION OF CNIDARIA
Class Hydrozoa
Class Cubozoa
Class Staurozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Class Anthozoa
is a phylum of exclusively marine
invertebrates. It means “comb-bearing”. They are commonly known as comb jellies or sea walnuts.
Ctenophora
is a phylum of marine invertebrates
which includes starfishes, sea urchins, brittlestars, crinoids, and sea cucumbers.
Echinodermata
- consists of animals with a flexible rod
supporting their dorsal or back sides. The phylum name derives from the Greek root word chord-meaning string.
Most species within the phylum. _____ are vertebrates, or animals with backbones.
Chordata
- a phylum of invertebrates comprising
flatworms.
Platyhelminthes
The phylum is divided into four classes: (1) the Turbellaria consist of mostly free-living flatworms, whereas the (2) Monogenea, (3) Trematoda, and (4)
Cestoidea contain species that engage in some form of symbiosis. Turbellaria is a paraphyletic group.
• Members of the class ________ are mostly free-living bottom dweller in freshwater and marine environments, where they crawl on stones, sand, or vegetation. _______ are named for
the turbulence that their beating cilia create in the water.
• ________ are predators and scavengers. The few terrestrial _______ known live in the humid tropics and subtropics.
• Coloration is mostly in shades of black, brown, and gray, although some groups display brightly colored patterns.
Class Turbellaria, Turbellarians
(Mukhang saging na green)
Monogenetic flukes are so named because they have only one generation in their life cycle; that is, one adult develops from one egg. Monogeneans are mostly external parasites
(ectoparasites) of freshwater and marine fishes, where they attach to the gill filaments and feed on epithelial cells, mucus, or blood.
Class Monogenea
The approximately 10,000 species of parasitic flatworm in the class ______ are collectively called flukes, which describes their wide, flat
shape. Almost all adult flukes are parasites of vertebrates, whereas immature stages may be found in vertebrates or invertebrates, or encysted on plants. Many species are of great economic and medical importance.
Class Trematoda
The most highly specialized class of flatworms are members of the class ______ , commonly called either
tapeworms or cestodes.
Class Cestoidea
– has wheel-like ciliated organ used in
swimming and feeding.
Rotifera
Rotifers
• Rotifer means “Wheel Bearer”
• They are multicellular organisms common in fresh and salt water.
• Part of the Rotifera phylum.
• Able to change the shape of their body.
• is invertebrate animals (such as snails, clams, or squids) with a soft unsegmented body usually enclosed in a calcareous shell.
Mollusca
Example of Mollusks
Barnacle
Snail
Oyster
Squid
Octopus
Scallop
Slug
Mussel
CLASSES OF PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
Class Gastropoda
Class Bivalvia
Class Cephalopoda
Class Scaphopoda
Class Monoplacophora
Class Caudofoveata
Includes the snails, limpets, and slugs. With more than 65,000 living species._______ is the largest and most
varied molluscan class. Its members occupya wide variety of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats.
CLASS GASTROPODA
With close to 15,000 species, the class ______ is the second largest molluscan class. This class includes the clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops.
CLASS BIVALVIA
The class ? includes the octopuses, squid, cuttlefish, and nautiluses. They are the most complex molluscs and, in many ways, the most complex invertebrates.
CLASS CEPHALOPODA
Members of the class _______ are called tooth shells or tusk shells. The over 600 species are all burrowing
marine animals that inhabit moderate depths. Their most distinctive characteristic is a conical shell that is
open at both ends.
CLASS SCAPHOPODA
Members of the class _________ have an undivided, arched shell; abroad, flat foot; a radula; and serially repeated pairs of gills and foot-retractor muscles.
CLASS MONOPLACOPHORA
Members of the class ______ are wormlike molluscs that range in size from 2 mm to 14 cm and live in vertical burrows on the deep-sea floor. They feed on foraminiferans and are dioecious.
CLASS CAUDOFOVEATA
are invertebrate animals (such as insects, arachnids, and crustaceans) that have a segmented body and jointed appendages, a usually chitinous exoskeleton molted at intervals, and a dorsal anterior brain connected to a ventral chain of ganglia.
Arthropoda
Example of Arthropoda
Camel Spider
Spider
Mite
Krill
Millipede
Bee
Butterfly
Springtail
Crab
Classification of Phylum Arthropoda
Class Merostomata
•Xiphosura (Horseshoe crab)
•Eurypterida (Giant water scorpions)
Class Arachnida
Class Pycnogonida
Class Diploda
Class Chilopoda
Includes majority of spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, and other related forms.
Class Arachnida
• Members of the order ______ are the scorpions. There are about 1,800 species of scorpions that are common from tropical to warm temperate climates. Scorpions are secretive and nocturnal, hiding during most
daylight hours under logs and stones.
Order Scorpionida
ORDERS (ARACHNIDA)
• Members are spiders.
Order Araneae
ORDERS (ARACHNIDA)
• Members of the _______ are the harvestmen or daddy longlegs.
Order Opiliones
ORDERS (ARACHNIDA)
• Members of the ______ are the mites and ticks.
Order Acarina
ORDERS (ARACHNIDA)
• Sea spiders. All of the 1,300 species are marine and worldwide, but are most common in cold waters.
Class Pycnogonida
Contains the millipedes. With 16 orders
and over 12,000 species.
Class Diplopoda
• Members of the _____ are the centipedes. ______ is divided into five orders with about 5,000 species. Most centipedes are nocturnal and scurry about the surfaces of logs, rocks, or other forest-floor debris.
Class Chilopoda
- segmented worm, any member of a phylum of invertebrate animals that are characterized by the possession of a body cavity (or coelom), movable bristles (or setae), and a body divided into segments by transverse rings, or annulations, from which they take
their name.
Annelida
Phylum: Annelida - “ringed”, commonly called segmented worms
(ex: earthworms, marine worms, leeches).
are of f elongated cylindrical worms parasitic in animals or plants or free-living in soil or water, called also roundworm.
Nematoda
Phylum: Nematoda - “thread-like”, commonly called roundworms, found just about everywhere (ex: ascaris,
pinworms, hookworms, trichina worms)
