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Phylogeny & Ontogeny of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental history of the immune system during evolution

A

Phylogeny

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2
Q

Development of the immune system as a comparative relation of man and other animals

A

Phylogeny

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3
Q

It is the most developed and most complex immune system

A

Man

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4
Q

Select all that applies:
What are part of the Evidences in Man.
a. Cells are highly specialized and Demonstrable hallmarks
b. Ability to reject graft and mount the response is reasonably developed at birth
c. Well developed complement system and immune-system organs
d.Separate function of humoral and cellular immunity
e. Well developed immune system within a species

A

A,B,C,D

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5
Q

What is the INCORRECT functions of lymphoid tissues?
a. To provide an environment for the maturation of the immune system’s immature cells
b. To provide an efficient vehicle for the disbursement of antibodies and other soluble factors from lymphocytes and other immune cells
c. Organized cylindrical clusters of lymphocytes.
d. Concentrate lymphocytes into organs that drain areas of antigen insult
e. Permit the interaction of different classes of lymphocytes

A

C

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6
Q

A tissue in which lymphocytes are found

A

Lymphoid tissue

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7
Q

Diffuse arrangements of individual cells of encapsulated organs

A

Lymphoid tissue

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8
Q

Organized cylindrical clusters of lymphocytes that, when gathered into groups, are called

A

Lymphoid patches

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9
Q

Usually groups of follicles that are surrounded or encapsulated by specialized supporting tissues and membranes

A

Lymphoid organs

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10
Q

(Arrange)Lymphoid Tissue Organization
1. Organ
2. Patch
3. Diffuse lymphocytes
4. Follicle

A

3,4,2,1

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11
Q

What are the primary Lymphoid Tissues?

A

Thymus and Bone Marrow

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12
Q

What are the tissues in BALT(Bronchus-associated lymhpoid tissues)?

A

Lower respiratory mucose & Bronchial patches

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13
Q

What are the tissues in NALT (Nasal-associated Lymphoid Tissues)

A

Pharyngeal tonsils
Palastine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Upper respiratory mucosa

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14
Q

What are the tissues in GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissues)

A

Intestinal mucosa
Peyer’s patches
Appendix

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15
Q

Lymphocytes develop and central tolerance is established

A

Primary Lymphoid Tissues

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16
Q

What are the sites that T cells migrates?

A

Bone Marrow
Thymus

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17
Q

True/False:
All lymphocytes arise frim HSCs in the bone marrow and T cells mature in this site

A

False

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18
Q

What is the Percentage of Thymus in T lymphocytes?

A

100%

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19
Q

What is the Percentage of Blood in T lymphocytes?

A

80%

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20
Q

What is the Percentage of Lymph nodes in T lymphocytes?

A

60%

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21
Q

What is the Percentage of Spleen in T lymphocytes?

A

45%

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22
Q

What is the Percentage of Bone Marrow in T lymphocytes?

A

10%

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23
Q

It is the Primary Site of hematopoiesis in the adult human

A

Bone Marrow

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24
Q

How many percent does bone marrow had in myeloid lineage cells

A

60-70%

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25
Q

Percentage of Bone Marrow in erythroid lineage cells

A

20-30%

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26
Q

Percentage of bone marrow in lymphoid lineage cells

A

10%

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27
Q

Where does the immature T cells complete their development?

A

Thymus

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28
Q

remainder consisting of mast lineage cells plus various other non-hematopoietic cell types such as ____ & _____

A

Stromal cells,adipocytes

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29
Q

Sites for antigen-driven immune cells

A

Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

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30
Q

Antigen-dependent lymphocyte didferentiation occurs in:

A

Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

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31
Q

It is the major site for the interaction of lymphocytes with antigen during a primary adaptive response

A

Lymph Nodes

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32
Q

It occur along the entire length of lymphatic system but are clustered in a few key regions

A

Lymph nodes

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33
Q

Lymph nodes has a bean shaped, encapsulated structures, and it has a diameter of?

A

2–10mm

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34
Q

It contains a large number of lymphocytes, FDCs and APCs

A

Lymph nodes

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35
Q

What are the parts of Lymph nodes?

A

Cortex, Paracortex, Medulla

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36
Q

Contains large numbers of resting B cells, FDCs and macrophages arraged in lymphoid follicles

A

Cortex

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37
Q

Home to many T cells and thymic DCs

A

Paracortex

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38
Q

Antibody secreting plasma cells

A

Medulla

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39
Q

Abdominal organ that traps blood-borne antigens

A

Spleen

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40
Q

Each arteriole in the spleen is encased by ______.

A

Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath

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41
Q

Containing low numbers of plasma cells, macrophaged and conventional DCs

A

Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheath

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42
Q

Resting B cells and macrophages

A

Lymphoid follicles

43
Q

Surrounding the follicles is the:

A

Marginal Zone

44
Q

Contains particular B cell subsets

A

Marginal Zone

45
Q

Contain splenic arterioles with their PALS, the follicles and the marginal zone

A

White Pulp

46
Q

Consist of splenic cords and venous sinuses.

47
Q

It has a function of filtering of particulate material from the blood

48
Q

Disposal of senescent or defective erythrocytes and lymphocytes

49
Q

Where do we find Langerhans cells

50
Q

What do we found in Dermis?

A

T cells, dermal DCs, macrophages

51
Q

Entire network of vessels and ducts that collects and channels the lymph and its contents throughout the body

A

Lymphatic system

52
Q

It empties the lymph into the right subclavian vein

A

Right lymphatic duct

53
Q

It connects with the left subclavian vein

A

Thoracic duct

54
Q

What are the phases of B cell development

A

Maturation Phase, Differentiation Phase

55
Q

(Arrange) Major Developmental Stages:
a. Mitochondrial Processing Peptides
b. Common Lymphoid Progenitor
c. Pre-B cells
d. Hematopoietic Stem Cell
e. Pro-B cells
f. Mature naive B cell
g. Immature naive B cell
h. Transitional B cell

A

d->a->b->e->c->g->h->f

56
Q

Earliest B cell precursor recognized by the presence of a surface molecule called

57
Q

Ig genes that have yet to undergo V(D)J recombination

A

Igh,Igk,Igl

58
Q

most important; regulates proliferation and differentiatin of B cell precursors

A

Interleukin-7

59
Q

What are the distinctive markers in Progenitor B cells?

A

CD19,CD45R,CD43,CD24, c-Kit

60
Q

interacts with a cell surface molecule called stem cell factor

61
Q

Co-receptor that helps to regulate further B cell development & activation

62
Q

membrane gp found on all HO cells but the type found on B cells is the largest form designated

63
Q

tyrosine-specific phosphatase involved in signaling in B cell division

64
Q

remain on cell surface throughout subsequent developmental stages

A

CD19,CD24,&CD43

65
Q

First heavy chains synthesized

66
Q

Intracellular proteins found:

A

TdT (terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase)
RAG-1&RAG-2 (recombination-activating genes) enzymes

67
Q

Consist of 2 heavy chains with surrogate light chains+ 2 very short chains

A

Pre-B cell receptor

68
Q

What are the 2 very short chains?

69
Q

What chromosome # is kappa?

A

Chromosome 2

70
Q

What chromosome # is lambda?

A

Chromosome 22

71
Q

receptor for C3d

72
Q

They are important for interaction of B cells with T cells

A

CD40 & MHC Class II molecules

73
Q

The cell is given a brief period to try to further rearrange its Ig loci and stave off apoptosis by altering its antigenic specificity. This secondary gene rearrangement is called _________.

A

Receptor Editing

74
Q

3 Major Classes of B cell Immunogens

A

T-Independent-1 Antigens
T-Independent-2 Antigens
T-Indipendent-3 Antigens

75
Q

T cell help allowd activated B cells to undergo:

A

-Somatic hypermutation
-Isotype switching
-Memory B cell production

76
Q

Direct interaction with T cells for B cells. (Td Antigen-Ti-1 antigen, Ti-2 antigen)

77
Q

Requires T cell cytokines(Td Antigen,Ti-1 antigen, Ti-2 Antigen)

A

Yes-No-Yes

78
Q

Epitope Structure (Td Antigen,Ti-1 antigen, Ti-2 Antigen)

A

Unique-Mitogen-Repetitive

79
Q

Proteins (Td Antigen,Ti-1 antigen, Ti-2 Antigen)

A

Yes-Could be-Could be

80
Q

Polysaccharide (Td Antigen,Ti-1 antigen, Ti-2 Antigen)

A

No-Could be-Could be

81
Q

Relative response time (Td Antigen,Ti-1 antigen, Ti-2 Antigen)

A

Slow-Fast-Fast

82
Q

Dominant Ab isotypes (Td Antigen,Ti-1 antigen, Ti-2 Antigen)

A

IgG, IgE, IgA-IgM, IgG (rarely)-IgM, IgG (sometimes)

83
Q

Diversity of antibodies (Td Antigen,Ti-1 antigen, Ti-2 Antigen)

A

High-Low-Low

84
Q

Stimulates immature and Neonatal B cells (Td Antigen,Ti-1 antigen, Ti-2 Antigen)

85
Q

Polyclonal B cell activator (Td Antigen,Ti-1 antigen, Ti-2 Antigen)

86
Q

Memory B cells generated

87
Q

Magnitude of response upon a secondary exposure (Td Antigen,Ti-1 antigen, Ti-2 Antigen)

A

Secondary response level-Primary response level-Primary response level

88
Q

Examples of Td Antigen

A

Diptheria toxin
Purified
Mycobacterium protein

89
Q

Example of Ti-1 Antigen

A

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide

90
Q

Example of Ti-2 Antigen

A

pneumonococcal polysaccharide

91
Q

Give the Abbreviation,Description and Immunogen channeled of the given route.

*ORAL

A

p.o—By mouth—MALT

92
Q

Give the Abbreviation,Description and Immunogen channeled of the given route.

*INTRAVENOUS

A

i.v—Into a blood vessel—Spleen

93
Q

Give the Abbreviation,Description and Immunogen channeled of the given route.

*INTRAPERITONEAL

A

i.p—Into a peritoneal cavity—Spleen

94
Q

Give the Abbreviation,Description and Immunogen channeled of the given route.

*INTRAMASCULAR

A

i.m—Into a muscle—Regional Lymph node

95
Q

Give the Abbreviation,Description and Immunogen channeled of the given route.

*INTRANASAL

A

i.n—Into the nose—MALT

96
Q

Give the Abbreviation,Description and Immunogen channeled of the given route.

*SUBCUTANEOUS

A

s.c.—Into the fatty hypodermin layer beneath the skin—Regional Lymph node

97
Q

Give the Abbreviation,Description and Immunogen channeled of the given route.

*INTRADERMAL

A

i.d.—Into the dermis layer of skin—SALT

98
Q

Short-lived plasma produced in

99
Q

Short-lived plasma cells have a half-life of:

A

3 to 5 days

100
Q

Long-lived plasma cells have a shape of:

A

Spherical/Ellipsoidal

101
Q

Long-lived plasma cells have a size of:

102
Q

What antibodies can secrete in Long-lived Plasma cells?

A

IgG, IgA, and/or IgE

103
Q

transcriptional repressor which blocks the plasma cell differentiation pathway

IS (4 decks)

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