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Fish and Fisheries > Phylogeny and diversity - Part 2 > Flashcards

Phylogeny and diversity - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Draw the simplified tree of gnathostomes including the key traits of each group.

A

(mixini –> true vertebrae –> Petromyzontiformes) –> jaws, paired fins –> Placoderms, Chondricthyes –> Operculum, branchiostegal rays –> Acanthodii –> lepidotrichia, pleural ribs –> Actinopterygii –> true enamel on teeth, lobed fins –> Actinistia –> Choana –> Dipnomorpha –> folded tooth enamel –> Osteolepimorha –> tetrapoda

Also, indicate which are the osteichthyes and which are the sarcopterygii

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2
Q

Describe the acanthodii.

A 
Very speciose group.
Now extinct gnathostomes.
Two pump system
May have outcompeted placoderms
Predominant in oceans for a while.
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3
Q

What is a dipnomorpha?

A

Lungfish

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4
Q

What is an osteolepimorpha?

A

Transitional, may not be a fish, important fish-tetrapod fossil

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5
Q

Actinistia includes what kind of extant fish?

A

Coelocanth

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6
Q

Where did jaws come from?

A

First 2 gill arches of agnathans.

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7
Q

What could have been the selective advantage of half a jaw?

A

Increase in size of the first gill arch may have aided in respiration.
Can open and close the mouth for better respiration.
A stronger proto-mouth could have aided in filter-feeding.

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8
Q

What was the purpose of the second arch?

A

Hyoid arch forming part of the jaw suspension.

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9
Q

What was the first arch?

A

mandibular arch

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10
Q

What were the purposes of the first two arches when becoming jaws?

A

Arches 1 and 2 got bigger for respiration with more muscles then got to feeding.
1st arch is main jaw and the second arch is for suspension

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11
Q

Tetrapods don’t have gill arches. What did they become?

A

Middle ear bones.

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12
Q

What was the split early on from Osteichthyes?

When did it happen?

A

Sarcopterygii and Actinopterygii

Early on in Devonian (around 400 mya)

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13
Q

What are the most likely ancestors to all actinopterygians?

A

Paleonoiscids

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14
Q

Describe chondrosteii.

A

Early actinpterygii
Skeleton mostly cartilage
extant species include paddlefish and sturgeon

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15
Q

Describe holosteii

A

More of a bony skeleton

Most of the actinopterygians are this.

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16
Q

Describe teleosts.

A

Most diverse group of fishes.
Majority of fish species.
Modern bony fishes.
Specialized.

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17
Q

Draw a basic graph including osteichthyes, sarcopterygii, tetrapods, actinopterygii, holosteii, chondrosteii, teleosteii and palaeoniscids

A

refer to notes

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18
Q

What are neopterygii?

A

Actinopterigian fish.
Stands for new fin.
These fish had more flexible fins, more rays, more lepidotrichia, more mobile.
Gave mobility and maneuverability leading to diversification

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19
Q

What is one way to reconstruct fossil phylogeny?

A

Scales

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20
Q

a lot of the early work on fish phylogeny was driven by discovering fossilized _____ in different strata

A

scales

21
Q

What are the 5 kinds of scales?

A

Placoid, ganoid, cosmoid, cycloid, ctenoid

22
Q

Describe placoid scales.

A 
Sharks have this.
Smooth one way, sandpaper the other way.
Do not grow.
Can be replaced
Related to teeth.
Cannot be used for aging
23
Q

Describe cosmoid scales.

A

Found in sarcopterygians.
Grow with fish
have some blood flow
sturdy and thick, not flexible.

24
Q

Describe ganoid scales.

A 
Found in sturgeon
Very hard, bony armour
Modified cosmoid
good protection
grow with fish, hard and good for protection
bad for flexibility
25
Q

Describe cycloid and ctenoid.

A

Teleosts have these
provide less protection
more flexible and provide mobility

26
Q

What are the 6 characters that make a teleost, a teleost?

A 
1 - Reduced or missing scales.
2 - Two pump respiratory system
3 - Modified swim bladder
4 - Flexible jaws
5 - Homocercal tail
6 - Specialized fins
27
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of reduced or missing scales?

A

Lost ganoid for cycloid/ctenoid.
More mobility alloted.
Can now go into more environments.
Can catch prey faster and better avoid predators.

28
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of the two pump respiratory system?

A

Breathing without moving.

Can now hide of be stationary.

29
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of a modified swimbladder?

A

Better buoyancy control.

30
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of flexible jaws?

A

Flexibility in feeding.
Prey specialization.
Flexibility in jaws and flexibility among teleosts jaws.

31
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of a homocercal (symmetrical) tail?

A

Allows more powerful swimming.
More maneuverability.
Muscles can better attach for swimming.

32
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of specialized fins?

A

Modifications for feeding (angler), reproduction, holding onto substrate (gobies), etc.

33
Q

What are the major teleost groups?

A 
(OECOE)
osteoglossomorpha
Elopomorpha
Clupeomorpha
Euteleostei
Ostariophysi
34
Q

What is a basic character for osteoglossomorpha?

A

bony tongue

35
Q

What is an example species from elopomorpha?

A

Eels

36
Q

What are examples of clupeomorphs?

A

Shad and cod

37
Q

What is the most speciose group of teleosts?

A

Ostariphysi - catfishes and cyprinids

38
Q

What are euteleosts? Example species?

A

True teleosts.

PErch, drum, goby

39
Q

Briefly describe: ammocoete

A

Larval form of lamprey

similar to ancestral chordates.

40
Q

What is the larval form of Elopomorphs?

A

Leptocephalus.

41
Q

Briefly describe: Leptocephalus.

A

Larval form of elopomorphs.
Very fin without gills.
oxygen exchange through skin
almost all muscle to be able to swim large distances from center of ocean to coast.

42
Q

Elasmobranchii and chondrostei have a ______, an accessory respiratory structure.

A

Spiracle

43
Q

Briefly describe: Spiracle

A

Acessory respiratory structure of Elasmobranchs and condrosteii.
Extra hole to get water over the gills.

44
Q

Cleupeiformes have what key things?

A

Auditory bullae, recessus lateralis.

45
Q

Briefly describe: auditory bullae.

A

(Clupeiformes)
Small bubble of gas next to the ear for better hearing.
High frequency hearing.

46
Q

Briefly describe: recessus lateralis

A

(Clupeiformes)
Part of the lateral line next to the auditory bullae.
Helps fish detect sounds with lateral line

47
Q

What is the group that consists of catfishes and minnows?

A

Ostariphysi

48
Q

Briefly describe: Weberian ossicles.

A

Modified bounds that function similarly to an eardrum and function in higher frequency hearing
Found in Ostariphysi

49
Q

Briefly describe: Shreckstoff

A

Fright substance that is released when a minnow is bit to cause others to run away
Found in Ostariophysi

Fish and Fisheries (28 decks)

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