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Fish and Fisheries > Fish biomechanics and locomotion - Part 1 > Flashcards

Fish biomechanics and locomotion - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What constrains fish swimming?

A

Water density
Fish size
Fish shape
Habitat (pelagic vs. structured; lentic vs. lotic)

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2
Q

How does the environment/habitat of a fish affect swimming?

A

Where the fish is living affects how the fish swims and the morphology it needs.

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3
Q

How does body shape constrain swimming?

A

Streamline or chunky

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4
Q

How does temperature affect swimming ability?

A

Direct effect on swimming speed since fish are poikilothermic, warmer water means faster swimming.

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5
Q

Current feedsback on fish _______.

A

shape

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6
Q

Salwater is more ______ than fresh.

A

dense

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7
Q

Size and shape of a fish affects how _____ it is to move through water.

A

easy

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8
Q

A fish can have different _____ _____ for size if it changes habitats.

A

life stages

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9
Q

For most fish (like trout), what are the main swimming muscles?

A

Trunk muscles

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10
Q

Describe the basic swimming mode in fish.

A

Bend the trunk muscles in contractile waves to propulse themselves.
Bend one side and push against the water, then the other side.

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11
Q

What are the different muscle blocks in trunk muscles called?

A

Myotomes or myomeres

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12
Q

What is the membrane between individual myotomes called?

A

myosepta

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13
Q

What does epaxial mean?

Hepaxial?

A

Epaxial - above the midline

Hepaxial - below the midline

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14
Q

Describe muscle trunk contraction.

A

If a myotome contracts, it pulls on the myoseptum and the one side of the body moves.

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15
Q

Describe fish swimming .Include myomeres in your answer.

A

When a fish wants to swim, contracts one set of myomeres on one side of the body, the the other, alternate contractile waves.

When it does this, pushes against the water, and the water will push back against the fish, providing forward thrust.

Does this in a contractile wave from head to tail.

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16
Q

Water will resist ______.

A

thrust

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17
Q

______ is caused by going through a dense medium.,

A

Drag

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18
Q

______ counteracts thrust, need density of water to push against but _____ is anything that impedes _____.

A

Drag
drag
thrust

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19
Q

How can drag be minimized to increase thrust? (i.e. what does drag depend on)

A

Drag depends on density and fish size and shape.

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20
Q

Describe lift in a fish.

A

As water flows over the fish, generates lift, since there is a negative pressure zone on the top.

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21
Q

The faster a fish swims, the more _____ is generated, fish shape affects ______.

A

Lift
lift
(although other possible answers too)

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22
Q

Why is there a negative pressure zone above the fish?

A

When a fish swims, get flow separation, flows above and below.
This causes a vacuum above or a negative pressure zone, producing lift.

23
Q

What is roll?

A

Tendency of a fish to roll over due to water pushing against it.

24
Q

Fish that have to worry about roll will have what body type to counteract it?

A

Fish will have higher bodies (i.e. sunfish)

High means dorsal-ventral is larger (aka deep bodied)

25
Q

How do fish counteract roll?

A

By flaring their fins out to act as breaks (in addition to high bodies)

26
Q

What is pitch?

A

Movement of head up and down.

27
Q

When is pitch prevalent?

A

For fish that swim more with their tail than their body.

28
Q

How can pitch be counteracted?

A

Flat head like hammerhead shark or, stick pelvic fin out

29
Q

What is yaw?

A

Movement of whole body from left to right

30
Q

What is done to counteract yaw?

A

Fish will be longer dorsally-ventrally.

Can also use paired fins as brakes to keep straight.

31
Q

What type of fish counteracts yaw?

A

Tuna

32
Q

What does reynolds number deal with?

A

Drag

33
Q

What are the different types of drag?

A

Inertial drag
Friction drag
Vortex drag

34
Q

What is inertial drag?

A

Water in front of the fish resists forward movement.

35
Q

What is friction drag?

A

Drag of water moving along the surface of the fish’s body.

36
Q

Inertial drag resists _______ movement and friction drag resists _______ movement.

A

forward (bis)

37
Q

What is vortex drag (dont explain it)?

A

Subtype of inertial drag
Resists the inertia of forward movement.
Caused by flow separation

38
Q

Describe vortex drag.

A

As a fish swims, flows separate, when they meet back up, there is a negative pressure zone, or vortex, that sucks the fish back and prevents forward motion.
These vortices function as turbulence behind the fish.

39
Q

If the fish is large, what drag components are more important?

A

inertial drag and vortex drag

40
Q

How can a large fish reduced the inertial drags?

A

Change shape to be more streamline and reduce flow separation.
The more the flows are together, the less inertial drag and resistance to movement.

41
Q

IF the fish is small, what drag(s) is/are the most important?

A

Small fish doesn’t push lots of water so, friction drag is most important

42
Q

What is Reynold’s number?

A

Describes which drag is more important - inertial or frictional

43
Q

A big fish would have what reynold’s number?

A small fish?

A

high RE for big fish

low RE for small fish

44
Q 
Higher RE (reynold's number) is related to what?
Lower RE?
A

Higher RE - inertial drag

Lower RE - friction drag

45
Q

What is the boundary layer?

What does a reduction in thickness provide?

A

The thickness of water impeding movement due to fiction.

Rdduced friction

46
Q

Reynold’s number equation?

A

Re = IU/v

47
Q

Fast fishes tend to be __________ to reduce ________ flow

A

streamlined

turbulent

48
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Any mixing of the flow causing vortices behind the fish and vortex drag

49
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

flowing in sheets, streamlines flowing together

50
Q

Why does location of the dorsal fins matter for vortex drag?

A

Location of the dorsal fin matters b/c if you stick the fin at the right place, can disrupt vortices.

51
Q

What does a keeled body do?

Give a fish example of this.

A

Reduces turbulent flows

Gizzard shad

52
Q

What are finlets? What do they do?

A

Baby fins - reduce turbulent flows

53
Q

Describe the sailfish.

A

Have long, pointed nose which is very stream line.
When they swim fast, it is tucked out of the way to not act as a barrier.
Also tuck their pelvic fins, have a thin caudal peduncle and a streamlined tail.

Fish and Fisheries (28 decks)

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