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Biology > Photosynthesis marking period two > Flashcards

Photosynthesis marking period two Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do all living things need?

A

Energy

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2
Q

What does sunlight hold?

A

Energy

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3
Q

Plants capture energy from sunlight to produce food. Also known as?

A

Autotrophs

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4
Q

Animals get energy from??

A

Food

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5
Q

The food that animals get from energy is called?

A

Heterotrophs

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6
Q

What is one of the most important compounds that living things used to store energy?

A

ATP

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7
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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8
Q

How many parts does the ATP have?

A

3 phosphate groups

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9
Q

What is an ATP?

A

ATP is a molecule that acts like a rechargeable battery for cells. It stores energy and releases it when needed.

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10
Q

What stores, energy and releases when needed?

A

ATP’s

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11
Q

How does an ATP release energy?

A

When the bond is broken between a second and third phosphate energy is released.

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12
Q

What happens when an ATP gives up some energy?

A

It is converted to a ADP

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13
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

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14
Q

Do ATP’s or ADP’s not have much energy?

A

ADP do not have much energy

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15
Q

Once an ATP turns into an ADP what must happen?

A

It must be reverted to an ATP again

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16
Q

How does an ADP become a ATP

A

ADP becomes ATP by gaining a phosphate group. This requires energy, usually from food or sunlight in plants.

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17
Q

Van Helmont

A

Discovered that plants gained most of their mass from water.

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18
Q

What was Van Helmont’s experiment?

A

Van Helmont planted a willow tree in soil, measured its weight, and watered it for five years. The tree grew significantly, but the soil’s weight remained almost unchanged, leading him to conclude that plant growth mainly depends on water, not soil.

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19
Q

Priestly

A

Discovered oxygen is produced by plants.

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20
Q

What was Presley’s experiment?

A

First, he lit the candle and put it in the jar with the mouse. Soon, the candle went out, and the mouse couldn’t survive. Then, he added a plant to the jar. This time, the candle stayed lit longer, and the mouse survived.

….Because candles needs oxygen

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21
Q

Ingenhousz

A

Showed that plants give off O2 only when exposed to light

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22
Q

What is O2 stand for?

A

Oxygen

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23
Q

What was Ingenhousz experiment

A

Ingenhousz discovered that plants produce oxygen in sunlight but not in darkness. He placed plants in water, exposed them to light, and observed bubbles (oxygen) forming only in sunlight. This showed that light is necessary for photosynthesis.

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24
Q

Carbon dioxide + water =

A

Glucose + oxygen

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25
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2+6H2O=C6H12O6+6O2

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26
Q

How do plants absorb sunlight?

A

Plants absorb sunlight using special molecules called pigments.

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27
Q

Why are pigments necessary for photosynthesis?

A

Pigments are necessary because they capture light energy for photosynthesis.

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28
Q

What is the main pigment?

A

Chlorophyll

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29
Q

What gives plants their green color?

A

Chlorophyll

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30
Q

What are the two roles of chlorophyll??

A

Absorbs light sunlight, and then uses it to power the process of photosynthesis.

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31
Q

What does chlorophyll a do?

A

Absorbs blue-violet and red light.

• This is the most important pigment for photosynthesis.

32
Q

What does chlorophyll b do?

A

Absorbs blue and red light.

• Helps capture light energy and passes it to chlorophyll a for use.

33
Q

Plants don’t absorb light well in the green part of the spectrum.

So what happens instead?

A

Instead, green light is reflected, which is why plants appear green to our eyes.

34
Q

Why does chlorophyll not absorb Greenlight?

A

Chlorophyll is less effective at absorbing green light compared to other colors.

The energy from blue and red light is more useful for photosynthesis.

35
Q

What is a chloroplast??

A

A chloroplast is a green organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.

36
Q

What do chloroplasts do??

A

Chloroplasts are responsible for converting sunlight into energy that the plant can use, making them essential for the plant’s survival.

37
Q

What do thylakoids look like??

A

Thylakoids are sac-like structures that contain pigments and look like small pancakes.

38
Q

What is the job of Thylakoids??

A

Thylakoids hold the pigments (like chlorophyll) that absorb sunlight during photosynthesis.

39
Q

Where are Thylakoids located??

A

Thylakoids are located inside the chloroplast, floating in the stroma.
They are part of the chloroplast’s internal structure, where light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

40
Q

Grana in a chloroplast

A

Grana are stacks of thylakoids.

Think of the grana as a stack of pancakes. They increase the surface area for photosynthesis to happen.

41
Q

What is a stroma in a chloroplast ??

A

The stroma is the fluid surrounding the thylakoids in the chloroplast.

It’s like the syrup around the pancakes, providing space and materials for the reactions in photosynthesis.

42
Q

Two main part of photosynthesis and what they do??

A

Light-dependent reactions
Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)

Light-dependent reactions need sunlight to produce energy, while light-independent reactions use that energy to make sugar for the plant.

43
Q

Why do plants have both chlorophyll and accessory pigments?

A

Because they absorb energy from the full spectrum

44
Q

What is the end goal of light dependent reactions?

A

Energy for step two

45
Q

Which type of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma??

A

Calvin cycle

46
Q

What happens if a plant receives more sunlight than it can absorb??

A

The sunlight passes through

47
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

In a plant cell, the main job is photosynthesis

48
Q

Reactants to photosynthesis??

A

Water and carbon

49
Q

What do chloroplast do?

A

Absorb light

50
Q

F equals

A

Thylakoids

51
Q

A

A

Outer membrane and sunlight

52
Q

D

A

Oxygen gas and stomata

53
Q

E

A

Glucose

54
Q

C

A

Carbon and Grana

55
Q

B

A

Inner membrane and water

56
Q

How does photosynthesis use solar energy?

A

Photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through chemical reactions.

57
Q

Solar energy

A

energy from the sun used by plants for photosynthesis.

58
Q

Second step is light independent and where does that take place?

A

The Stramata

59
Q

Organism that makes its own food??

A

Autotroph

60
Q

Difference between chloroplast and chlorophyll

A

Chloroplasts are cell organelles where photosynthesis occurs. Chlorophyll is the green pigment inside chloroplasts that absorbs light.

61
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (carbon dioxide and water produce glucose and oxygen).

62
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell?

A

Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.

63
Q

What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight to power the reactions of photosynthesis.

64
Q

What are electron carriers, and why are they important in photosynthesis?

A

Electron carriers like NADP⁺ transport high-energy electrons needed for the production of glucose

65
Q

How does NADP⁺ function in photosynthesis, and what does it become when charged?

A

NADP⁺ acts as an uncharged battery and becomes NADPH when it carries high-energy electrons.

66
Q

Where do light-dependent reactions occur, and what are their raw materials?

A

Light-dependent reactions occur in the core past of the thyroids, using light, water, ADP, carbon

67
Q

Where do light-dependent reactions occur, and what are their raw materials?

A

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids of the chloroplast, using light, water, ADP, and NADP⁺.

68
Q

What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?

A

The products are ATP and NADPH, which store energy for the next stage of photosynthesis.

69
Q

How do ATP and NADPH function in photosynthesis?

A

They act as charged energy carriers, providing the energy needed to build glucose in the Calvin cycle

70
Q

What is the purpose of step 1 (light-dependent reactions) in photosynthesis?

A

To capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

71
Q

What is the overall purpose of photosynthesis in plants?

A

To convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in glucose, which serves as food for the plant.

72
Q

What is the goal of the Calvin cycle?

A

To use ATP and NADPH to make glucose (sugar) from CO₂.

73
Q

What is the role of sugar produced in photosynthesis?

A

Sugar stores energy as a six-carbon molecule and is either used for energy or stored as starch or cellulose.

74
Q

Where and when does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

It takes place in the stroma and can happen any time of the day.

75
Q

What are the raw materials and products of the Calvin cycle?

A

Raw materials: CO₂, ATP, NADPH.
Products: Glucose and 6 water molecules.

76
Q

Name four factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.

A

Amount of water, temperature, light intensity, and CO₂ concentration.

Biology (5 decks)

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