Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Flashcards
In Nature, energy is neither created nor destroyed but is transferred between forms. This is the…
Law of Conservation of Energy
In order to live, cells must acquire…
Energy
The capacity to do work or to produce heat is…
Energy
The breaking or forming of chemical bonds in metabolism is usually done by proteins called…
Enzymes
Sum of all the interrelated biochemical processes that take place in an organism is…
Metabolism
The building of molecules by forming chemical bonds is known as…(type of metabolism)
Anabolism
The breakdown of molecules by breaking chemical bonds is known as…(type of metabolism)
Catabolism
Reactions that produce compounds not strictly necessary for normal growth are known as…(type of metabolism)(Defense compounds like nicotine or latex)
Secondary metabolism
Chemical energy from food is transferred into chemical energy in ATP
Cellular respiration
Respiration uses oxygen, so it is an _____ reaction.
Aerobic
What are the three main components of cellular respiration?
- Glycolysis
- The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Electron Transport Chain (ETP)
Most ATP is produced in the
ETP
The rate of respiration will increase with __ as most chemicals do.
Temperature
The rate of respiration starts to decline at above __ due to __
104º F, proteins coming apart
Respiration requires
Oxygen
The rate of respiration drops off without
Oxygen
The rate of respiration is also affected by __ since cells are mostly filled with this.
Water
In the absence of __, the rate of respiration slows but doesn’t stop.
Water
Converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in sugars and other compounds
Photosynthesis
What does photosynthesis do?
- Produces 94% of dry weight of plants
- Produced fossil fuels, which provide 90% of the energy for electricity and transportation
- Provides energy for nearly all organisms
- Produces the worlds oxygen
Light is __, and it comes in __
Energy, waves
Light also comes in individual particles, called
Photons
The color of light depends on
Wavelength
The distance between two peaks in a wave is the
Wavelength
When an object appears to be a certain color, it is __ that color of light.
Reflecting
__ is a green pigment found in the __.
Chlorophyll, chloroplast
__ absorb light in the violet to blue and red wavelengths.
Chlorophylls
The two main parts of photosynthesis are
Light reactions, the Calvin Cycle
Converts light energy into chemical energy (ATP, NADPH)
Light reactions
Converts chemical energy in ATP & NADPH into chemical energy in carbohydrates.
The Calvin Cycle
This is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy (ATP & NADPH)
[This is the step where oxygen is given off as a waste product, light and water in and NADPH and oxygen out]
Light energy
__ produces ATP and NADPH, which cannot be stored for long so they are put into carbohydrates for long term storage.
Light Reactions
The carbon for making carbohydrates comes from __, and __ is the enzyme responsible for this.
[ATP and NADPH in, carbohydrates out]
CO2, rubisco
About __% of plant species use the C3 pathway, but some plants use C4 photosynthesis which is highly efficient at using CO2.
85%
Most productive plants use __, including sugarcane and corn.
C4 photosynthesis
Enlarged bundle sheath cells
Many chloroplasts
Has all of leaf’s rubisco (Kranz Anatomy)
C4 leaves
Mesophyll captures CO2 then pumps it into bundle sheath cells
High concentration of rubisco makes photosynthesis run quickly
C4 photosynthesis
C4 photosynthesis is especially important in __.
Monocots
Most of the world’s warm grasslands are made mainly __. It is also important to some __ in warm, dry environments.
C4 species, dicots
This is a form of photosynthesis used by plants in arid environments to conserve water.
CAM photosynthesis
CAM stands for
Crassulean Acid Metabolism
__ are only open at night
Stomata
__ is taken in at night through __, then stored in the __ of __ cells as __ acid.
CO2, stomata, vacuole, malic
__ close during the day to __ water.
Stomata, conserve
In __, a CO2 is pulled of __ acid and fed into the __ Cycle.
Bundle sheath cells, malic, Calvin
The majority of __ plants are either desert succulents or epiphytic orchids and bromeliads.
CAM
Concentration of atmospheric CO2 has increased by over __% since the __ Revolution, this is a result of __.
40%, Industrial, Climate Change
Effects of higher CO2 on plant growth
- Stimulation of photosynthesis and growth
- Dilution of tissue nutrients (for herbivores)
- Changes competitive dynamics of species (C4 species will likely lose several of their advantages)
CO2 is a __
Heat-trapping greenhouse gas
More CO2 =
Hotter temperatures on earth
Climate Change effects on horticulture
- Shorter period for winter dormancy and stratification
- Select varieties more tolerant to heat and drought
- Extended growing season (more growth, more pests)
- More emphasis on green infrastructure for stormwater management