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Horticulture 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Principal Subdivisions of Plant Biology

A

Plant Anatomy
Plant Physiology
Plant Systematics
Plant Ecology
Ethnobotany

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2
Q

Plant Anatomy

A

Internal Structure

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3
Q

Plant Physiology

A

Plant Function

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4
Q

Plant Systematics

A

How to group plants.

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5
Q

Plant Ecology

A

How plants interact with their environment.

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6
Q

Ethnobotany

A

Uses for plants.

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7
Q

Scientific Method

A

Observations
Question
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Theory

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8
Q

What are elements?

A

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

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9
Q

How many naturally occurring elements are there?

A

94

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10
Q

Structural elements of plants

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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11
Q

Primary elements of plants

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium

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12
Q

Secondary elements of plants

A

Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfer

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13
Q

H

A

Hydrogen

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14
Q

C

A

Carbon

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15
Q

N

A

Nitrogen

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16
Q

O

A

Oxygen

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17
Q

Na

A

Sodium

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18
Q

Mg

A

Magnesium

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19
Q

Al

A

Aluminum

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20
Q

P

A

Phosphorus

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21
Q

S

A

Sulfer

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22
Q

Cl

A

Chloride

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23
Q

K

A

Potassium

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24
Q

Ca

A

Calcium

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25
Q

Mn

A

Manganese

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26
Q

Fe

A

Iron

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27
Q

Three components of an atom

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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28
Q

Has a + charge and is located in the nucleus. The atomic number.

A

Protons

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29
Q

Has no charge, so it is neutral, and is located in the nucleus.

A

Neutrons

30
Q

Has a - charge and is located in a cloud surrounding the nucleus.

A

Electrons

31
Q

What do protons do?

A

The number of protons determines the atomic number of an atom, which in turn determines the element.

32
Q

What do neutrons do?

A

Neutrons + Protons determines the atomic mass of an element. If the number of neutrons in an atom changes, it produces isotopes.

33
Q

What do electrons do?

A

The number of electrons determines an atoms charge.

34
Q

What are charged atoms called?

A

Ions. Negative ions are anions and positive ions are cations.

35
Q

What do two or more ionic compounds come together to form?

A

Ionic bonds

36
Q

What happens when two atoms share electrons?

A

Covalent bonding

37
Q

These molecules can dissolve in water and have a slight positive or negative charge.

A

Polar

38
Q

These molecules cannot dissolve in water but can dissolve in fats or oils. They have no charge.

A

Nonpolar

39
Q

What is the attraction of similar molecules called?

A

Cohesion

40
Q

What is the attraction of dissimilar molecules called?

A

Adhesion

41
Q

These are chemicals that release hydrogen atoms when they’re dissolved in water.

A

Acids

42
Q

These are compounds that release hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water.

A

Bases

43
Q

What does pH stand for?

A

Potential hydrogen

44
Q

What number on the pH scale is neutral?

A

7

45
Q

What on the pH scale is alkaline?

A

Any number more than 7.

46
Q

What on the pH scale is acidic?

A

Any number less than 7.

47
Q

What are the 4 biological molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

48
Q

What are carbohydrates and what is their function?

A

Carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O. They are used for short term energy storage.

49
Q

What are lipids and what is their function?

A

Lipids are nonpolar molecules like fats. They are used for long term energy storage.

50
Q

What are proteins and what is their function?

A

Proteins are different chains of amino acids. Proteins called enzymes can carry out chemical reactions.

51
Q

What is nucleic acid and what is its function?

A

DNA/RNA. Stores information.

52
Q

What are the 3 components of Cell Theory?

A
  1. The cell is the most basic unit of life.
  2. All living things are composed of cells.
  3. All cells form from preexisting cells.
53
Q

“All cells form from preexisting cells.”

A

Rudolf Virchow

54
Q

“All living things are composed of cells.”

A

Van Leeuwenhoek

55
Q

“The cell is the most basic unit of life.”

A

Schleiden and Schwann

56
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Half of the parent cell’s genetic material is into one of the two gametes, (sperm and egg)

57
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

The process of cell division

58
Q

What are the phases of Mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
59
Q

Why is surface area to volume important?

A

With high surface area, rapid transport of materials and energy to cells is easier.

60
Q

What do plasma membranes do?

A

Determine what gets in and out of the cell. It is made of a phospholipid bilayer.

61
Q

What do cell walls do?

A

Give cells a definite shape and greater strength. Cell walls contain cellulose.

62
Q

These are bacteria, are small in size, and have no defined nucleus.

A

Prokaryotes

63
Q

Large cells found in animals, plants, and fungi. There is DNA contained in the nucleus.

A

Eukaryotes

64
Q

These are only in plants and store wastes while also regulating pH.

A

Vacuoles

65
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of prokaryotes.

A

Endosymbiotic Theory

66
Q

These store starch and appear dark purple almost black in color.

A

Amyloplasts

67
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

68
Q

Photosynthesis occurs here, and it makes the plants green.

A

Chloroplasts

69
Q

Can make the plants appear red, yellow or orange.

A

Chromoplasts

70
Q

Everything between the cell membrane and nucleus, including organelles.

A

Cytoplasm

71
Q

The center of a cell

A

Nucleus

Horticulture 101 (5 decks)

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