Exam 1 Flashcards
Principal Subdivisions of Plant Biology
Plant Anatomy
Plant Physiology
Plant Systematics
Plant Ecology
Ethnobotany
Plant Anatomy
Internal Structure
Plant Physiology
Plant Function
Plant Systematics
How to group plants.
Plant Ecology
How plants interact with their environment.
Ethnobotany
Uses for plants.
Scientific Method
Observations
Question
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Theory
What are elements?
Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
How many naturally occurring elements are there?
94
Structural elements of plants
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Primary elements of plants
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium
Secondary elements of plants
Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfer
H
Hydrogen
C
Carbon
N
Nitrogen
O
Oxygen
Na
Sodium
Mg
Magnesium
Al
Aluminum
P
Phosphorus
S
Sulfer
Cl
Chloride
K
Potassium
Ca
Calcium
Mn
Manganese
Fe
Iron
Three components of an atom
Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Has a + charge and is located in the nucleus. The atomic number.
Protons
Has no charge, so it is neutral, and is located in the nucleus.
Neutrons
Has a - charge and is located in a cloud surrounding the nucleus.
Electrons
What do protons do?
The number of protons determines the atomic number of an atom, which in turn determines the element.
What do neutrons do?
Neutrons + Protons determines the atomic mass of an element. If the number of neutrons in an atom changes, it produces isotopes.
What do electrons do?
The number of electrons determines an atoms charge.
What are charged atoms called?
Ions. Negative ions are anions and positive ions are cations.
What do two or more ionic compounds come together to form?
Ionic bonds
What happens when two atoms share electrons?
Covalent bonding
These molecules can dissolve in water and have a slight positive or negative charge.
Polar
These molecules cannot dissolve in water but can dissolve in fats or oils. They have no charge.
Nonpolar
What is the attraction of similar molecules called?
Cohesion
What is the attraction of dissimilar molecules called?
Adhesion
These are chemicals that release hydrogen atoms when they’re dissolved in water.
Acids
These are compounds that release hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water.
Bases
What does pH stand for?
Potential hydrogen
What number on the pH scale is neutral?
7
What on the pH scale is alkaline?
Any number more than 7.
What on the pH scale is acidic?
Any number less than 7.
What are the 4 biological molecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What are carbohydrates and what is their function?
Carbohydrates are made of C, H, and O. They are used for short term energy storage.
What are lipids and what is their function?
Lipids are nonpolar molecules like fats. They are used for long term energy storage.
What are proteins and what is their function?
Proteins are different chains of amino acids. Proteins called enzymes can carry out chemical reactions.
What is nucleic acid and what is its function?
DNA/RNA. Stores information.
What are the 3 components of Cell Theory?
- The cell is the most basic unit of life.
- All living things are composed of cells.
- All cells form from preexisting cells.
“All cells form from preexisting cells.”
Rudolf Virchow
“All living things are composed of cells.”
Van Leeuwenhoek
“The cell is the most basic unit of life.”
Schleiden and Schwann
What is Meiosis?
Half of the parent cell’s genetic material is into one of the two gametes, (sperm and egg)
What is Mitosis?
The process of cell division
What are the phases of Mitosis?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
Why is surface area to volume important?
With high surface area, rapid transport of materials and energy to cells is easier.
What do plasma membranes do?
Determine what gets in and out of the cell. It is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
What do cell walls do?
Give cells a definite shape and greater strength. Cell walls contain cellulose.
These are bacteria, are small in size, and have no defined nucleus.
Prokaryotes
Large cells found in animals, plants, and fungi. There is DNA contained in the nucleus.
Eukaryotes
These are only in plants and store wastes while also regulating pH.
Vacuoles
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of prokaryotes.
Endosymbiotic Theory
These store starch and appear dark purple almost black in color.
Amyloplasts
Where does cellular respiration occur?
Mitochondria
Photosynthesis occurs here, and it makes the plants green.
Chloroplasts
Can make the plants appear red, yellow or orange.
Chromoplasts
Everything between the cell membrane and nucleus, including organelles.
Cytoplasm
The center of a cell
Nucleus
