Exam 2 Flashcards
a group of cells performing a similar function
tissue
growth that stops once a genetically pre-determined structure has been formed
determinate growth
growth that carries on continuously throughout an organism’s lifespan; it is not terminated.
indeterminate growth
what is unique about the cells found in meristematic tissues?
meristematic cells are undifferentiated, so they can become any cell type.
what are the three primary meristems in plants?
ground meristem
protoderm
procambium
what tissues does the ground meristem produce?
ground simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
what tissues does the protoderm produce?
dermal complex tissue: epidermis
what tissues does the procambium produce?
vascular complex tissues: xylem & phloem
primary plant growth is produced from ____. it is what produces the primary meristems.
apical meristems
simple tissues only consist of __ cell type, whereas complex cell tissues consist of __ cell types.
one, two
have living cytoplasm, one primary cell wall, and carry out photosynthesis and storage. (types: chlorenchyma and aerenchyma.)
parenchyma
have living cytoplasm with slightly thick, secondary walls, and provides support to growing and mature organs.
collenchyma
have thick secondary cell walls, so they are dead at maturity. the secondary cell walls are impregnated with lignin. provides structural support. (types: fibers and sclereids.)
sclerenchyma
vascular tissue that moves water and nutrients from the roots to aboveground plant parts. (consists of parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, and tracheids.)
xylem
pipes made of individual cells called ___ elements. they are dead at maturity and develop secondary cell walls with lots of lignin.
vessels
like vessels but smaller with tapered ends. connected by pits, which are connections between cells where they meet.
tracheids
transports down the stem, moving sugars made in the leaves down to the stem and root tissues. (made of sieve tube members and companion cells.)
phloem
what are the main functions of roots?
-absorption of water and nutrients from the soil
-anchor the plant
-storage of food and nutrients
a single, dominant root from which smaller roots arise. (dicots)
taproots
a rooting system formed from many thin, branching roots with no one dominant. (monocots)
fibrous roots
roots develop from the ____.
radicle, which emerges from the seed during germination.
parenchyma cells covering the tip of each root. protects the root apical meristem from abrasion from the soil.
root cap
contains the root apical meristem and its three primary meristems: protoderm on the outside, ground meristem, and then procambium.
region of cell division
cells become several times longer and somewhat wider; large vacuoles form.
region of elongation
cells differentiate into distinctive cell types. root hairs develop from epidermal cells and project into the soil to absorb water and nutrients.
region of maturation
layer of cells covering the outside of the root. produces root hairs and protects the root. the cuticle protects the root from water loss and soil pathogens.
epidermis
a layer of parenchyma cells under the epidermis. mainly used for storage. the innermost layer of the __ is the endodermis.
cortex
a layer of cells that prevents water from escaping the inside of the root. cell walls are covered with the casparian strip, which is suberin.
endodermis
the first layer underneath of the endodermis. a layer of parenchyma cells that produce lateral branch roots. can differentiate into different cell types.
pericycle
(herbaceous roots) X shape of xylem cells in the center with smaller phloem cells in between.
dicot vascular cylinder
(herbaceous roots) circle of xylem cells with smaller phloem cells in between.
monocot vascular cylinder
highly enlarged roots. parenchyma cells are produced in large numbers to store carbohydrates. (sweet potatoes, carrots, yams etc.)
food storage roots
water is stored in roots by some species of the pumpkin family. used when soil water is scarce.
water storage roots.
roots can have buds that are able to grow new shoots.
propagative roots
growth of new shoots from the roots is called ____.
suckering
roots that extend above the water surface, this allows for gas exchange in the roots. oxygen in, carbon dioxide out.
pneumatophores
grows from aboveground plant parts down into the soil.
adventitious roots
make rooting structures called haustoria that dig into the vascular tissue of other plants. can consume food, water, and nutrients from other plants.
parasitic roots
plants get nutrients from this fungus and the fungus gets carbohydrates from the plant.
mycorrhizae
type of mycorrhizae that lives on top of cells in the root cortex.
ectomycorrhizae
type of mycorrhizae that penetrates the cells of the root cortex.
endomycorrhizae
structures in the root that house bacteria of the genus rhizobium, which captures nitrogen.
root nodules
the use of plants to remove toxic substances from soil or water.
phytormediation
the points of leaf attachment to the stem are called ____.
nodes
the sections of stem between the nodes are called ______.
internodes
flattened portion on leaves
leaf blade
dicot’s leaf blades are attached to the stem via the _____.
petiole
monocots tend to form a _____ rather than a petiole.
sheath
the ___ is the angle between the petiole and the stem.
axil
____ are an underdeveloped cluster of cells in the axil, where new shoot growth can occur. they create lateral growth.
axillary buds
_____ can occur at the top of twigs or branches. they can leave ________ that can be used to track annual growth increments.
terminal buds, bud scale scars
apical meristems can give off hormones that suppress the growth of lateral buds. this is called _____.
apical dominance
what do both the cortex and pith contain?
parenchyma cells
in ____ stems, the pith is in the center.
dicot
in ____ stems, the pith is located in the outer layer before the sclerenchyma fibers.
monocot
in monocot and dicot stems, the pith and cortex functions are ________ and __________.
storage, transport
in ____ stems, xylem & phloem are in vascular bundles in a ring.
dicot
in ____ stems, xylem & phloem are in vascular bundles but scattered.
monocot
_____ meristems in stems produce secondary tissues also known as secondary growth, which is an increase in girth.
lateral
what are secondary tissues?
secondary xylem and secondary phloem
secondary tissues are produced in ______ _______.
woody plants
cell layer that forms between primary xylem and primary phloem in woody plants. it creates new xylem cells to the inside and new xylem cells to the outside which become secondary xylem and phloem.
vascular cambium
____ is all tissue outside of the vascular cambium.
bark
inner bark is primary and secondary ______.
phloem
outer bark is the ________.
periderm
the ____ ________ arises in the cortex of woody plants, also for secondary growth.
cork cambium
the cork cambium produces the ______ which is a protective layer that can displace the epidermis.
periderm
the cork cambium produces ___ ____ to the exterior and __________ to the inside.
cork cells, phelloderm
cork cell walls are impregnated with _____ to prevent water loss and entry.
suberin
the periderm has openings called _______ that allow gas exchange.
lenticels
_______ do not have secondary growth, only primary.
monocots
_______ are herbaceous, which means they have non woody stems with an epidermis.
monocots
in woody plants, the epidermis is replaced with _______.
periderm
____ wood is lighter in color and has large xylem cells made mostly out of vessels.
spring
______ wood is darker and has smaller vessels and more tracheids than spring wood.
summer
one annual growth ring contains both ___ _____ and _______ _____.
spring wood, summer wood
stem ages can be determined with an __________ _______.
increment border
_________ rays conduct water, food, and nutrients from vascular tissue to the living cells near the stem’s exterior.
parenchyma
____ are named from the tissues they pass through.
rays
clogged, non-water conducting wood is called _________.
heartwood
wood with xylem that still conducts water is called _________.
sapwood
________ is darker in color, while _______ is lighter.
heartwood, sapwood
________ has more tracheids while _______ has more vessels.
softwood, hardwood
________ are horizontal, segmented underground stems with axillary buds at each node and often scale like leaves.
rhizomes
_______ and _______ are horizontal stems that produce new shoots.
runners, stolens
______ grow aboveground
runners
______ grow belowground
stolens
______ are underground stems that are swollen from food storage. (like a potato.)
tubers
____ are large buds surrounded by fleshy leaves. (like an onion)
bulbs
____ are underground storage stems close to bulbs, but their storage is in stems not leaves.
corms
