Exam 2

Question 1

a group of cells performing a similar function

Answer 1

tissue

Question 2

growth that stops once a genetically pre-determined structure has been formed

Answer 2

determinate growth

Question 3

growth that carries on continuously throughout an organism’s lifespan; it is not terminated.

Answer 3

indeterminate growth

Question 4

what is unique about the cells found in meristematic tissues?

Answer 4

meristematic cells are undifferentiated, so they can become any cell type.

Question 5

what are the three primary meristems in plants?

Answer 5

ground meristem
protoderm
procambium

Question 6

what tissues does the ground meristem produce?

Answer 6

ground simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

Question 7

what tissues does the protoderm produce?

Answer 7

dermal complex tissue: epidermis

Question 8

what tissues does the procambium produce?

Answer 8

vascular complex tissues: xylem & phloem

Question 9

primary plant growth is produced from ____. it is what produces the primary meristems.

Answer 9

apical meristems

Question 10

simple tissues only consist of __ cell type, whereas complex cell tissues consist of __ cell types.

Answer 10

one, two

Question 11

have living cytoplasm, one primary cell wall, and carry out photosynthesis and storage. (types: chlorenchyma and aerenchyma.)

Answer 11

parenchyma

Question 12

have living cytoplasm with slightly thick, secondary walls, and provides support to growing and mature organs.

Answer 12

collenchyma

Question 13

have thick secondary cell walls, so they are dead at maturity. the secondary cell walls are impregnated with lignin. provides structural support. (types: fibers and sclereids.)

Answer 13

sclerenchyma

Question 14

vascular tissue that moves water and nutrients from the roots to aboveground plant parts. (consists of parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, and tracheids.)

Answer 14

xylem

Question 15

pipes made of individual cells called ___ elements. they are dead at maturity and develop secondary cell walls with lots of lignin.

Answer 15

vessels

Question 16

like vessels but smaller with tapered ends. connected by pits, which are connections between cells where they meet.

Answer 16

tracheids

Question 17

transports down the stem, moving sugars made in the leaves down to the stem and root tissues. (made of sieve tube members and companion cells.)

Answer 17

phloem

Question 18

what are the main functions of roots?

Answer 18

-absorption of water and nutrients from the soil
-anchor the plant
-storage of food and nutrients

Question 19

a single, dominant root from which smaller roots arise. (dicots)

Answer 19

taproots

Question 20

a rooting system formed from many thin, branching roots with no one dominant. (monocots)

Answer 20

fibrous roots

Question 21

roots develop from the ____.

Answer 21

radicle, which emerges from the seed during germination.

Question 22

parenchyma cells covering the tip of each root. protects the root apical meristem from abrasion from the soil.

Answer 22

root cap

Question 23

contains the root apical meristem and its three primary meristems: protoderm on the outside, ground meristem, and then procambium.

Answer 23

region of cell division

Question 24

cells become several times longer and somewhat wider; large vacuoles form.

Answer 24

region of elongation

Question 25

cells differentiate into distinctive cell types. root hairs develop from epidermal cells and project into the soil to absorb water and nutrients.

Answer 25

region of maturation

Question 26

layer of cells covering the outside of the root. produces root hairs and protects the root. the cuticle protects the root from water loss and soil pathogens.

Answer 26

epidermis

Question 27

a layer of parenchyma cells under the epidermis. mainly used for storage. the innermost layer of the __ is the endodermis.

Answer 27

cortex

Question 28

a layer of cells that prevents water from escaping the inside of the root. cell walls are covered with the casparian strip, which is suberin.

Answer 28

endodermis

Question 29

the first layer underneath of the endodermis. a layer of parenchyma cells that produce lateral branch roots. can differentiate into different cell types.

Answer 29

pericycle

Question 30

(herbaceous roots) X shape of xylem cells in the center with smaller phloem cells in between.

Answer 30

dicot vascular cylinder

Question 31

(herbaceous roots) circle of xylem cells with smaller phloem cells in between.

Answer 31

monocot vascular cylinder

Question 32

highly enlarged roots. parenchyma cells are produced in large numbers to store carbohydrates. (sweet potatoes, carrots, yams etc.)

Answer 32

food storage roots

Question 33

water is stored in roots by some species of the pumpkin family. used when soil water is scarce.

Answer 33

water storage roots.

Question 34

roots can have buds that are able to grow new shoots.

Answer 34

propagative roots

Question 35

growth of new shoots from the roots is called ____.

Answer 35

suckering

Question 36

roots that extend above the water surface, this allows for gas exchange in the roots. oxygen in, carbon dioxide out.

Answer 36

pneumatophores

Question 37

grows from aboveground plant parts down into the soil.

Answer 37

adventitious roots

Question 38

make rooting structures called haustoria that dig into the vascular tissue of other plants. can consume food, water, and nutrients from other plants.

Answer 38

parasitic roots

Question 39

plants get nutrients from this fungus and the fungus gets carbohydrates from the plant.

Answer 39

mycorrhizae

Question 40

type of mycorrhizae that lives on top of cells in the root cortex.

Answer 40

ectomycorrhizae

Question 41

type of mycorrhizae that penetrates the cells of the root cortex.

Answer 41

endomycorrhizae

Question 42

structures in the root that house bacteria of the genus rhizobium, which captures nitrogen.

Answer 42

root nodules

Question 43

the use of plants to remove toxic substances from soil or water.

Answer 43

phytormediation

Question 44

the points of leaf attachment to the stem are called ____.

Answer 44

nodes

Question 45

the sections of stem between the nodes are called ______.

Answer 45

internodes

Question 46

flattened portion on leaves

Answer 46

leaf blade

Question 47

dicot's leaf blades are attached to the stem via the _____.

Answer 47

petiole

Question 48

monocots tend to form a _____ rather than a petiole.

Answer 48

sheath

Question 49

the ___ is the angle between the petiole and the stem.

Answer 49

axil

Question 50

____ are an underdeveloped cluster of cells in the axil, where new shoot growth can occur. they create lateral growth.

Answer 50

axillary buds

Question 51

_____ can occur at the top of twigs or branches. they can leave ________ that can be used to track annual growth increments.

Answer 51

terminal buds, bud scale scars

Question 52

apical meristems can give off hormones that suppress the growth of lateral buds. this is called _____.

Answer 52

apical dominance

Question 53

what do both the cortex and pith contain?

Answer 53

parenchyma cells

Question 54

in ____ stems, the pith is in the center.

Answer 54

dicot

Question 55

in ____ stems, the pith is located in the outer layer before the sclerenchyma fibers.

Answer 55

monocot

Question 56

in monocot and dicot stems, the pith and cortex functions are ________ and __________.

Answer 56

storage, transport

Question 57

in ____ stems, xylem & phloem are in vascular bundles in a ring.

Answer 57

dicot

Question 58

in ____ stems, xylem & phloem are in vascular bundles but scattered.

Answer 58

monocot

Question 59

_____ meristems in stems produce secondary tissues also known as secondary growth, which is an increase in girth.

Answer 59

lateral

Question 60

what are secondary tissues?

Answer 60

secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Question 61

secondary tissues are produced in ______ _______.

Answer 61

woody plants

Question 62

cell layer that forms between primary xylem and primary phloem in woody plants. it creates new xylem cells to the inside and new xylem cells to the outside which become secondary xylem and phloem.

Answer 62

vascular cambium

Question 63

____ is all tissue outside of the vascular cambium.

Answer 63

bark

Question 64

inner bark is primary and secondary ______.

Answer 64

phloem

Question 65

outer bark is the ________.

Answer 65

periderm

Question 66

the ____ ________ arises in the cortex of woody plants, also for secondary growth.

Answer 66

cork cambium

Question 67

the cork cambium produces the ______ which is a protective layer that can displace the epidermis.

Answer 67

periderm

Question 68

the cork cambium produces ___ ____ to the exterior and __________ to the inside.

Answer 68

cork cells, phelloderm

Question 69

cork cell walls are impregnated with _____ to prevent water loss and entry.

Answer 69

suberin

Question 70

the periderm has openings called _______ that allow gas exchange.

Answer 70

lenticels

Question 71

_______ do not have secondary growth, only primary.

Answer 71

monocots

Question 72

_______ are herbaceous, which means they have non woody stems with an epidermis.

Answer 72

monocots

Question 73

in woody plants, the epidermis is replaced with _______.

Answer 73

periderm

Question 74

____ wood is lighter in color and has large xylem cells made mostly out of vessels.

Answer 74

spring

Question 75

______ wood is darker and has smaller vessels and more tracheids than spring wood.

Answer 75

summer

Question 76

one annual growth ring contains both ___ _____ and _______ _____.

Answer 76

spring wood, summer wood

Question 77

stem ages can be determined with an __________ _______.

Answer 77

increment border

Question 78

_________ rays conduct water, food, and nutrients from vascular tissue to the living cells near the stem's exterior.

Answer 78

parenchyma

Question 79

____ are named from the tissues they pass through.

Answer 79

rays

Question 80

clogged, non-water conducting wood is called _________.

Answer 80

heartwood

Question 81

wood with xylem that still conducts water is called _________.

Answer 81

sapwood

Question 82

________ is darker in color, while _______ is lighter.

Answer 82

heartwood, sapwood

Question 83

________ has more tracheids while _______ has more vessels.

Answer 83

softwood, hardwood

Question 84

________ are horizontal, segmented underground stems with axillary buds at each node and often scale like leaves.

Answer 84

rhizomes

Question 85

_______ and _______ are horizontal stems that produce new shoots.

Answer 85

runners, stolens

Question 86

______ grow aboveground

Answer 86

runners

Question 87

______ grow belowground

Answer 87

stolens

Question 88

______ are underground stems that are swollen from food storage. (like a potato.)

Answer 88

tubers

Question 89

____ are large buds surrounded by fleshy leaves. (like an onion)

Answer 89

bulbs

Question 90

____ are underground storage stems close to bulbs, but their storage is in stems not leaves.

Answer 90

corms