Final Exam Horticulture 101 Flashcards
what are the 14 symbols for the 14 chemical elements covered in class?
H
C
O
N
Na
Mg
Al
P
S
Cl
K
Ca
Mn
Fe
what are protons?
what the element is; atomic number
how do you calculate the mass number of an atom?
protons + neutrons
what are isotopes?
the change in the number of neutrons
what determines an atom’s charge?
protons - electrons
what happens if the charge of an atom is 0?
no number is written
what are elements made of?
atoms
what charge do protons have and where are they located?
positive charge, and in the nucleus
wat charge do neutrons have and where are they located?
no charge, and in the nucleus
what charge do electrons have and where are they located?
negative charge, and in a cloud surrounding the nucleus
long-term food storage
carbohydrates
fatty substances
lipids
enzymes
protein
DNA storage
nucleic acid
what’s the difference between a polar and non-polar compound?
polar compounds can typically dissolve in water
non-polar compounds dissolve better in fats or oils
what is the plasma membrane of a cell?
the outer boundary of a cell; determines what gets in and out of the cell
what does the plasmodesmata do?
forms connections between cells
what is the cytoplasm?
everything between the cell wall and membrane and nucleus
what are prokaryotes?
bacteria with no membrane
what are eukaryotes?
cells found in animals, plants, fungi, and algae (membrane bound and has dna in nucleus)
what does the nucleus do?
directs the cell’s activities and contain’s most of cell’s dna
what is the vacuole?
it is found only in plants and takes up most of the cell’s volume; stores waste and regulates cell pressure
what are mitochondria and chloroplasts descendants of?
prokaryotes
site of cellular respiration; has double membrane
mitochondria
site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll, and has a double membrane
chloroplasts
what do parenchyma do?
carry out photosynthesis and storage, one primary cell wall, and living cytoplasm
aerenchyma
air spaces in aquatic plants
collenchyma
thickened cell walls strong yet pliable
sclerenchyma
fibers and sclereids
what is xylem?
tissue that moves water and nutrients from the roots to aboveground plant parts
pipes of vessel elements found in xylem
vessels
similar to vessels but with tapered ends
tracheids
transports down the stem moving sugars from the leaves to root tissues
phloem
what is phloem made of?
sieve tube members and companion cells?
outer layer of cells on a stem or leaf
epidermis
what is the waxy layer on top of a leaf called and what does it do?
cutin, and it protects from disease and pests
what are lenticels?
openings that allow for gas exchange
wat do lateral meristems contribute to?
plant’s thickness (secondary growth)
what do lateral meristems include?
vascular cambium and cork cambium
__ do not have secondary growth?
monocots
__ have secondary growth
dicots
what are the main functions of roots?
1) absorb water and nutrients from the soil
2) anchor the plant
3) storage of food and nutrients
taproot
single, dominant root from which smaller branches arise (dicot)
fibrous root
many thin, branching roots with no one dominant (monocot)
layer of cells covering the outside of the root; produces root hairs and protects the root from water loss and soil pathogens
root epidermis
endodermis
layer of cells that prevent water from escaping; cell walls are covered with suberin that prevents water flow out of the root
strip of suberin in the endodermis
Casparian Strip
x shape of xylem cells with phloem surrounding it
dicot vascular cylinder
xylem in a circular position with phloem surrounding and a center pith
monocot vascular cylinder
what is underneath of soil?
bedrock
what is humus?
dark, partially decomposed organic matter
what is soil?
proportions of sand, silt, and clay
what is a perfect mix of sand, silt, and clay called?
a loam
largest to smallest particles of soil
sand
silt
clay
__ soil particles have better drainage and aeration
larger
__ soil particles retain moisture and sometimes too much, like clay
smaller
in _ stems, the pith is towards the center and the cortex is in the outer ring
dicot
in _ stems, the pith and cortex are mixed together; the xylem and phloem are scattered throughout in vascular bundles and look like faces
monocot
__ stems are non-woody and herbaceous
monocot
a cell layer between primary xylem and primary phloem that creates secondary xylem and phloem (only in dicots)
vascular cambium
arises in the cortex and produces the periderm
cork cambium
this replaces the epidermis in woody plants
periderm
all of the tissues outside of the vascular cambium can be referred to as
bark
two leaves across from each other and have two leaves per node
opposite leaves
alternate and have only one leaf per node
alternate leaves
has more than two leaves per node
whorled leaves
what is a simple leaf?
a leaf with one blade
subdivided into several blades called leaflets
compound leaves
has leaflets in pairs along a petiole extension called the rachis
pinnately compound leaves
leaves with even further subdivisions than pinnately compound leaves
bipinnately compound
have leaflets attached at the same point
palmately compound
a leaflike pair of appendages at the base of the petiole
stipules
__ leaves tend to form a leaf blade connected to the stem by a petiole
dicot
what are the two types of leaf venation?
pinnate
palmate
smaller veins radiating from a central midvein
pinnate leaf venation
__ will have parallel venation
monocots
__ will have netlike venation
dicots
the 3 main parts of a leaf are
epidermis
mesophyll
veins
most of these cells do not have chloroplasts and are covered in a waxy lipid called cutin
upper and lower epidermis
these are the only cells in the epidermis that have chloroplasts
guard cells
guard cells form an opening in the leaf called __
stomata
__ in the epidermis of a leaf allow for gas exchange (co2 in oxygen out)
stomata
closely packed, rectangular cells near the top of the leaf
palisade mesophyll
loosely packed, parenchyma cells beneath the palisade layer
spongy mesophyll
this is contains the vascular bundle xylem and phloem
the leaf vein
what is the vascular bundle in a leaf surrounded by?
bundle sheath cells that contain chloroplasts
what is the stalk of a flower called?
peduncle
what are the smaller stalks called that a peduncle can branch into?
pedicels attached by a rachis
what is the swollen tip of a peduncle called?
receptacle
flowers alternate along a central stalk
raceme
compound raceme
panicle
like a raceme without pedicels to attach it to the stalk
spike
a series of flowers arranged on a central disk
a head
what are the whorls of a flower?
calyx
corolla
androecium
gynoecium
what do the stamens produce?
androecium; the male parts of a flower
sperm cells are produced in a
grain of pollen
the pistils produce the
gynoecium; female parts of a flower
what are the female parts of a flower?
stigma
style
ovary
monocots tend to come in multiples of __ whereas dicots tend to come in groups of __ or __
3, 4, 5
what do perfect flowers have?
both stamens and pistils
pollination can occur by
wind or animals
where is pollen deposited during the pollination process?
the stigma
__ sperm cells go into the ovary, one sperm cell fertilizes the __ __ to produce the __ and the other fertilizes two __ __ to produce __.
two, egg cell, embryo, polar cells, endosperm
what are the 3 components in the structure of a fruit?
exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp
fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp
drupe
multiple seeds in a fleshy mesocarp that is difficult to distinguish from the endocarp
berry
endocarp can be papery or leathery but hard while the mesocarp is fleshy
pome
separated ovary sections of a flower fuse
aggregate
inflorescence fuses together into a single body
multiple
dry fruits that split open at maturity
dehiscent fruits
dry fruits that do not split open at maturity
indehiscent fruits
the embryonic leaves in a seed are called
cotyledons
monocots have __ cotyledon and dicots have __
1, 2
__ seeds germinate with the cotyledons underground
hypogeous
__ seeds raise their cotyledons aboveground
epigeous
embryonic shoot with underdeveloped leaves and a meristem (attaches above the cotyledons)
plumule
the plumule includes the
epicotyl (above cotyledons)
hypocotyl (below cotyledons)
first part of the embryo to emerge from the seed
radicle
sheath in monocots covering the plumule
coleoptile
prominent in monocots and supplies most of humanities calories
endosperm
what do whole grains contain?
endosperm
bran
embryo of a seed
who developed binomial nomenclature?
carolus linnaeus
what did binomial nomenclature do?
place species in each genus with names in two part binomials
what are the different levels of classification in biology?
species
genus
family
order
class
phylum
kingdom
3 domains in the classification of biology
bacteria
archaea
eukaria
what is ecology?
studies relationships of organisms to each other and the environment
what are the five levels of biology?
populations
communities
ecosystems
biomes
biosphere
how do energy and matter move within ecosystems?
energy flows while matter cycles
what is succession?
the progression in the composition of a community over its lifetime
begins with bare rock and is the result of a major disturbance
primary succession
disturbance to an established community that leads to a change in community composition
secondary succession
the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
substances move through a semipermeable membrane at different rates; like a filter
osmosis
substances that move through a semipermeable membrane at different rates; like a filter (liquids)
solvent
a mixture in which things are dissolved evenly
solution
the thing that is dissolved in the solvent
solute
water flows out; solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell’s
hypertonic
water flows in; solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell’s
hypotonic
solution’s solute concentration is equal to the cell’s
isotonic
the plasma membrane presses tightly against the cell wall (water filled)
turgid
the plasma membrane is not tightly pressed against the cell wall (losing water)
flaccid
the plasma membrane has pulled away from the cell, which overtime kills the cell (dehydrated)
plasmolyzed
water potential calculation
pressure potential + solute potential
3 processes of water movement in plants
root pressure
capillary action
cohesion tension theory
when air bubbles break the tension of the water column in xylem vessels this is
cavitation
air bubbles in xylem
embolism (result of freeze thaw cycle)
repairing cavitation in small plants
root pressure
repairing cavitation in large plants
solute imported into xylem
cellular respiration equation
glucose + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O +38 ATP
importance of photosynthesis
1) produces 94% of dry weight in plants
2) produced fossil fuels for the energy of electricity and transportation
3) provides energy for nearly all living organisms
4) produces the world’s oxygen
equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy
–> glucose + 6O2
what does photosynthesis do?
converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in sugars
what type of photosynthesis is used in the Calvin Cycle?
c3 photosynthesis
this type of photosynthesis plant has enlarged bundle sheath cells and all of the leaf’s rubisco (kranz anatomy)
c4 photosynthesis
this type of photosynthesis is most important in monocots, but some dicots in dry and warm environments
c4 photosynthesis
this photosynthesis is used by plants in arid environments to conserve water
CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism)
in these plants, stomata are only open at night and co2 is stored in the vacuole of mesophyll as malic acid
CAM plants
irreversible increase in volume due to the division and enlargement of cells
growth
a change in form as a result of both growth and differentiation
development
molecules transported in an organism that have effects on growth flowering and other plant activities
hormones
produced in the shoot apical meristem and cause the enlargement of cells by elongation of cell walls
auxins
can delay fruit and leaf abscission and fruit ripening
auxins
produced in immature seeds, root and shoot tips, and young leaves; they function to enhance growth primarily in dicots, and only a little bit in monocots.
(GA) Gibberellins
can stimulate germination; this hormone can also lower the temperature threshold of plant growth (grow at cooler temps)
gibberellins
chemical in phloem that stimulates cell division and the production of cork cambium; stimulates cell division only in the presence of auxin.
cytokinins
hormone found in dormant buds that blocks the effects of auxins; it is found in high concentrations in fruits to prevent further germination and can be applied externally
(ABA) abscisic acid
gaseous hormone that is given off by ripening fruits; it functions to initiate abscission of leaves and flowers and prevent cell elongation resulting in shorter sturdier plants.
ethylene
what are tropisms?
permanent movements resulting from external stimuli coming from one direction
what is etiolation?
when plants grown in the dark develop long stems few leaves and a pale appearance
what is gravitropism?
growth of plants towards or away from gravity
what is photoperiodism?
response of plants to the lengths of night and day; daytime is photoperiod and nighttime is skotoperiod
plants sense and respond to photoperiod using
cryptochrome
phytochrome
necessary for plants to flower on the proper photoperiod
phytochrome
photoperiod is sensed in the
leaves
during photoperiod, the signal from the leaves is transmitted to the buds, this unknown hormone is called
florigen
