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gcse Biology > Photosynthesis and Leaf Structure > Flashcards

Photosynthesis and Leaf Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis

A

6️⃣CO2 + 6️⃣H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6️⃣O2

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3
Q

What do plants do to the glucose

A

Convert it into starch and use for respiration

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4
Q

An experiment to show that CO2 is needed for photosynthesis to occur and result

A 
Destarch leaf (place in darkness)
Place in CO2 free air
Expose to light for 24 hours
Iodine test for starch 
Result: no starch
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5
Q

An experiment to show that light is needed for photosynthesis to occur and result

A

Destarch plant (leave in darkness so that all starch is converted to glucose due to aerobic respiration)

Expose part of plant to light for 24 hours, part covered in black paper

Iodine test for starch
Exposed: starch present
Covered: no starch

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6
Q

What chemical is used to test for starch and what is the result

A

Iodine

Positive —> blue/ black

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7
Q

Why will the green parts of a leaf being able to photosynthesise and not the white bits

A

The green parts of the leaf contain chlorophyll so are able to photosynthesise whereas the white bits don’t

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8
Q

How are leaves adapted to their function (5)

A

Broad, flat, large surface area to trap light

Palisade cells contain chlorophyll in chloroplasts

Air spaces in spongy mesophyll layer allow gaseous exchange

Transparent epidermis allows light to pass through

Leaf is thin so there is a short diffusion pathway

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9
Q

What is the structure of a leaf (order from top to bottom)

A 
Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Lower epidermis + guard cells
Waxy cuticle
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10
Q

What is the function of the waxy cuticle

A

Controls loss of water (evaporation)

Protects epidermis

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11
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis

A

Let’s light thought to the palisade layer

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12
Q

What is the function of the palisade cells

A

Contains chloroplasts with chlorophyll so can absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll layer

A

Contains air spaces for gaseous exchange via stomata

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14
Q

What is the function of the guard cells

A

Opens/ closes stomata so it controls gas exchange and water loss

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15
Q

What is the function of the stomata

A

Where gaseous exchange takes place

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16
Q

Which two features of the leaf control water loss

A

Guard cells

Waxy cuticle

17
Q

How do we test a leaf for starch and results

A

Boil leaf in boiling water bath to kill it

Put leaf in a test tube of ethanol to remove chlorophyll

Rinse leaf with cold water to get ride of the rest of the chlorophyll

Iodine - blue/black if starch is present

18
Q

What are the uses of glucose in a plant (4)

A

Stored as starch
Respiration to release energy
Converted to proteins for growth
Cellulose for cell walls

19
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

Concentration of CO2
Temperature
Light intensity

20
Q

What is the useful product from photosynthesis and what is it use for

A

Glucose is used as a source of energy

21
Q

Which long chain molecules can glucose convert into and. What are their uses

A

Starch - stores energy

Cellulose - cell walls

22
Q

Which element is needed to make protein and not to make carbohydrates

A

Nitrogen

23
Q

Which gases enter and leave plants during photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide enters

Oxygen leaves

24
Q

Which gases enter and leave during respiration in plants

A

Oxygen enters

Carbon dioxide leaves

25
Q

What affects the rate of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
Amount of CO2
Varying temperature

26
Q

How does light intensity affect photosynthesis

A

Increasing light intensity increases photosynthesis as plants need light to photosynthesise. After a certain point the rate will reach its maximum as there will be another limiting factor

27
Q

How does increasing the concentration of Co2 increase the rate of photosynthesis

A

Increasing the concentration will increase the rate of photosynthesis as plants need CO2 to photosynthesise. After a certain point the rate will reach its maximum as there will be another limiting factor

28
Q

How does increasing the temperature increase the rate of photosynthesis

A

Rate of photosynthesis has an optimum temperature so too hot and photosynthesis will decrease, too cold and photosynthesis will also decrease. At a certain point the rate will reach its maximum as there will be another limiting factor

29
Q

Which 4 minerals do plants need to thrive

A

Nitrate
Potassium
Phosphate
Magnesium

30
Q

Why do plants need nitrates and what will happen if there is a deficiency

A

Makes amino acids, proteins, DNA, chlorophyll

Stunted growth
Older leaves turn yellow

31
Q

Why do plants need potassium and what happens if there is a deficiency

A

For enzymes for respiration
Needed for photosynthesis to work

Leaves turn yellow with dead spots

32
Q

Why do plants need phosphate and what will happen if there is a deficiency

A

Makes DNA and compounds in cell membrane

Younger leaves turn purple
Poor root growth

33
Q

Why do plants need magnesium and what happens if there is a deficiency

A

Part of the chlorophyll molecule

Leaves turn yellow

34
Q

What are the advantages of hydroponic cultivation of vegetables (3)

A

Clean
Disease/ pest control
Efficient/ controlled

35
Q

What are the disadvantages of hydroponic cultivation of vegetables (3)

A

Expensive to set up
High maintenance
Diseases can spread easily

gcse Biology (12 decks)

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