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gcse Biology > Cram > Flashcards

Cram Flashcards

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1
Q

Nitrate ion in plants

A

Makes amino acids, proteins, DNA, chlorophyll

Stunted growth
Older leaves turn yellow

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2
Q

Potassium ion in plants

A

For enzymes of respiration and photosynthesis

Leaves turn yellow wth dead spots

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3
Q

Phosphate ion in plants

A

Makes DNA and compounds of cell membrane

Poor root growth
Younger leaves turn purple

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4
Q

Magnesium ion in plants

A

Part of chlorophyll molecule

Leaves turn yellow

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5
Q

Test for glucose

A

Benedict’s reagent + heat

Positive -> yellow/ orange

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6
Q

Starch test

A

Iodine

Positive -> blue/ black

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7
Q

Test for lipids

A

Emulsion test
Dissolve sample in ethanol, decant layer, add water, shake

Positive -> cloudy mixture

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8
Q

Protein test

A

Buret test
Add copper sulphate/ dilute NaOH

Positive -> purple

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9
Q

Functions of lipids (5)

A 
Source of energy in food
Store of energy in animals 
Cell membranes 
Insulation 
Hormones
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10
Q

Functions of proteins (5)

A 
Structural/ repairing tissues 
Hormones
Antibodies
Enzymes
Transport
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11
Q

Iron mineral in body

A

Part of haemoglobin
Lack of it causes anaemia
Found in red meat and vegetables

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12
Q

Calcium mineral in body

A

For born growth and muscles
Lack of it causes osteoporosis
Found in dairy foods such as milk and cheese

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13
Q

Vitamin A

A

Part of pigment in rods and cones in retina
Lack of it causes blindness
Found in fish, cheese, carrots

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14
Q

Vitamin C

A

Part of collagen protein for skin, hair, gums, bones
Lack of it causes scurvy
Found in citrus fruit

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15
Q

Vitamin D

A

Helps absorb calcium for growth
Lack of it causes rickets and poor teeth
Found in fish, made naturally. G being exposed to sunlight

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16
Q

Fibre

A

Reduces cholesterol and aids digestion

Found in oats, fruit, cereal

17
Q

Pancreatic juices contains:

A

Maltase (maltose -> glucose)
Amylase (starch -> maltose)
Protease (protein -> amino acids)
Lipase (fat -> glycerol + fatty acids)

18
Q

Bile

A

Made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, released in the duodenum

Emulsified large fat droplets into smaller droplets
Increases surface area for lipase
Alkali to neutralise stomach acid in bolus

19
Q

Factors affecting rate of transpiration (4)

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Wind speed
Humidity

20
Q

Factors affecting photosynthesis (3)

A

Concentration of CO2
Temperature
Light intensity

21
Q

Factors affecting enzymes (2)

A

Temperature

PH

22
Q

Red blood cell adaptations

A

Biconcave disc like cells
No nucleus
Thin cell surface membrane
Contains haemoglobin

23
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Makes antibodies

Groups together pathogens
Makes pathogens more recognisable
Can burst open pathogen cell
Neutralise toxins produced by pathogens

24
Q

Phagocytes

A

Ingest/ engulf pathogens

Changes its shape, extends cytoplasm to enclose pathogens in its vacuole
Secretes enzymes to break down pathogen

25
Q

Affects of adrenaline

A

Makes getting beat faster and harder

26
Q

How impulses travel across a synapse

A

Electrical impulses arrive at a synapse

Ends of fine branches of the axon secretes a chemical called neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse to the membrane of the second neurone

Electrical impulses start again in second cell

Neurotransmitter is broken down by an enzyme

27
Q

Why is 10% energy not transferred to the next trophic level

A

Respiration (heat)
Excretion (egested food)
Didn’t eat the whole organism (bone)

28
Q

What does oestrogen do

A

Causes lining to thicken so levels need to increase just before ovulation

29
Q

What does progesterone do

A

Maintains the lining of the uterus for ~10 days during implantation (release of egg and keeping perfect conditions)

30
Q

Purpose of placenta (3)

A

Diffusion
Provides oxygen and nutrients to developing embryo
Makes amino acids and proteinsynthesis
Secretes female hormones which maintain the pregnancy
Vitamins
Removes unread and carbon dioxide

31
Q

Purpose of amniotic fluid

A

Protects developing embryo

32
Q

interspecific

A

Uses nets to separate species to prevent predation

33
Q

Intraspecific

A

Fish within the same species separated by age and size to prevent older/ larger fish eating smaller/ younger fish

34
Q

Selective breeding

A

Breeding of those individuals with desired features which is enforced by human choice

35
Q

Genetic engineering with insulin and a bacterium

A 
Lipozyme breaks open bacteria
Restriction enzyme cuts DNA from  a bacterium's plasmid and same enzyme cuts insulin gene from human DNA
Restriction enzyme acts as a vector 
Ligase enzyme inserts growth hormone 
Bacterium takes up recombinant DNA
36
Q

How are plasmids like vectors

A

Able to easily take up DNA and swap with another and insert recombinant DNA into other cells
Transfer genes

37
Q

Insulin

A

Controls and lowers glucose levels by converting glucose into glycogen in the liver/ muscle

38
Q

Role of capillaries when really hot

A

They expand by vasodilation so more blood is at the surface of the skin for rapid cooling

gcse Biology (12 decks)

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