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Honors Biology 9 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy ?

A

The ability to do work

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2
Q

Where does the energy that living things need come from ?

A

The sun

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3
Q

What are the 2 type of organisms ?

Based on how they obtain energy

A

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

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4
Q

What is an Autotroph ?

A

Organism that makes their own food using light or chemical energy

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5
Q

What is a heterotroph ?

A

Organism that obtains energy from food that they consume

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6
Q

What does ATP stand for ?

What is ATP ?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

One of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy

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7
Q

What 2 thing does ATP consists of ?

A

Adenosine and 3 phosphate groups

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8
Q

What makes up adenosine ?

A

Adenine (nitrogen base)

Ribose (sugar)

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9
Q

When storing energy the cell adds a ________ to ___ to form ___.

A

Phosphate to ADP to form ATP

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10
Q

Energy stored in ATP is released by … ?

A

Breaking the chemical bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group

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11
Q

Are cells packed with lots of ATP to get them through the day ?
Why ?

A

No because ATP can’t store a large amount of energy over a long period of time.

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12
Q

ATP is a great molecule for ______

It is not a great molecule for ______.

A

Transferring energy

Storing large amounts of energy

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13
Q

What is a tidal flat ?

A

Where land and water meet

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14
Q

3 types of autotrophs ?

A

Tidal flats - Cyanobacteria

Land - plants

Water - algae

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15
Q

Only bacteria with chloroplasts ?

A

Cyanobacteria

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16
Q

Who did an experiment to figure out where the plants mass came from ?

A

Van Helmont

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17
Q

What did Van Helmont do in his experiment?

A

He planted a willow sapling and measured the dirt and let it grow for 5 years.
The mass of the dirt stayed the same but the plants mass increased.

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18
Q

What did Van Helmont discover ?

A

the gain in mass had to have come from the water the plant was taking in

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19
Q

What did Van Helmont not realize ?

A

The carbon portion came from carbon dioxide and that made a major contribution to the mass of the tree.

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20
Q

Who performed an experiment in the 1700s with the plant in the jar ?

A

Joseph Priestley

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21
Q

What did Joseph Priestley do in his experiment ?

A

He put a candle in a jar and it went out. He out a plant in the jar with the candle and it stayed lit.

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22
Q

What did Joseph Priestley figure out from his experiment?

A

that the plant was releasing something that kept the candle lit.

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23
Q

What did Joseph Priestley not realize about his experiment ?

A

that it was oxygen that the plant was releasing.

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24
Q

Who added to Joseph Priestley’s Experiment ?

A

Jan Ingerhousz

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25
Q

What did Jan Ingerhousz add to Priestley’s experiment ? What happened ?

A

he did it in the dark

the plant didn’t release oxygen

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26
Q

Photosynthesis uses energy from _______ to convert ______ and ________ into high energy _____ and _____.

A 
sunlight
water
carbon dioxide
sugars
oxygen
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27
Q

Plants use the high energy sugars to to produce _________ such as ______.

A

complex carbohydrates

starches

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28
Q

Sunlight appears to our eyes to be a _____ light, however it is actually a mixture of ___________ that appear to us as a visible ______. The different wavelengths of the visible spectrum are seen as different _____.

A

white
different wavelengths of light
spectrum
colors

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29
Q

Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ______.

A

pigments

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30
Q

The plant’s principal pigment is _____.

A

Chlorophyll

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of Chlorophyll ?

A

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

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32
Q

What colored wavelengths does chlorophyll absorb ?

A

Red and Blue

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33
Q

Why do plants look green ?

A

the chlorophyll in plants reflect green wavelengths

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34
Q

When chlorophyll absorbs the sunlight the chemical energy is transferred to ________ and those have high energy and makes photosynthesis work.

A

electrons

35
Q

What molecule transfers energy to the cell and is used directly by the cell ?

A

ATP

36
Q

What molecule store energy ?

A

glucose

37
Q

what … performs photosynthesis ?

  1. organ
  2. cell
  3. organelle
A
  1. leaf
  2. spongy and palisade mesophyll
  3. chloroplasts
38
Q

what is transpiration ?

A

evaporation of water from a plant

39
Q

what 4 things can affect the rate of transpiration ?

A

humidity
temperature
sunlight
wind

40
Q

how does humidity affect transpiration ?

A

humid - rates go down

dry - rates go up

41
Q

how does temperature affect the transpiration ?

A

high - rates go up

low - rates go down

42
Q

how does sunlight affect transpiration ?

A

more light - rates increase

less light - rates decrease

43
Q

how does wind affect transpiration ?

A

windy - rates increase

not windy - rates decrease

44
Q

what percentage of water is lost in transpiration ?

A

99%

45
Q

what molecules leaves through the stoma ?

A

water vapor

oxygen

46
Q

what molecule enters the plant through the stoma ?

A

carbon dioxide

47
Q

what is the boundary layer ?

A

layer of still air hugging the surface of the leaf

48
Q

the thicker the boundary layer the _____ the transpiration rates

A

slower

49
Q

what is on the leafs surface that can reduce the rates of transpiration ?

A

hairs

50
Q

how does water get to the leaf so that photosynthesis can occur ?

A

water in the soil gets to the roots by osmosis
goes up the roots by capillary action in xylem
into the cell by osmosis

51
Q

How does carbon dioxide get to the leaf ?

A

goes through the stoma and into the cell by simple diffusion

52
Q

where does oxygen go ?

A

goes out the stoma

53
Q

where does the glucose go ?

A

converted into starch

used for cell respiration

54
Q

what is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle ?

A

to make sugar and products to repeat the cycle

55
Q

what does the Calvin Cycle use ?

what are the products ?

A

NADPH
ATP
CO2

glucose
RuBP

56
Q

Why do leaves change color ?

A

the chlorophyll disapears and other pigments are shown

57
Q

why do leaves fall ?

A

the viens in the leaf close off

58
Q

Light dependent reactions

  1. location ?
  2. reactants ?
  3. products ?
  4. does it require light ?
A

thylakoid membrane
water
ATP NADPH oxygen
yes

59
Q

Calvin Cycle

  1. location ?
  2. Reactants ?
  3. products ?
  4. does it require light ?
A

stroma
ATP NADPH carbon dioxide
glucose
no

60
Q

what molecule acts as a carrier for high energy electrons during photosynthesis ?

A

NADP+

61
Q

how many molecules are of carbon dioxide are used to make one molecule of glucose ?

A

6

62
Q

3 cellular activities that use ATP ?

A

cellular respiration
bulk transport
active transport

63
Q

ATP —–> ADP + P

A

energy releasing

64
Q

ADP + P —–> ATP

A

energy storing

65
Q

How many phosphates are in ADP ?

A

2

66
Q

what molecule stores more than 90 times the energy in a ATP molecule ?

A

glucose

67
Q

orange and yellow colored pigments ?

A

carotenoids

68
Q

What is the name of step one in the Calvin cycle ?

A

Carbon fixation

68
Q

What happens in carbon fixation on the Calvin cycle ?

A

Rubisco attaches the three CO2 to RuBP which makes six 3PGA.

69
Q

What does rubisco do ?

A

It attaches the carbons to break RuBP down

70
Q

What is the name of the 2nd step of the Calvin cycle ?

A

Reduction

71
Q

What happens in reduction of the Calvin cycle (stage 2) ?

A

NADPH and ATP convert the six 3PGA to six G3P

72
Q

What does ATP and NADPH do in reduction ?

A

ATP adds and phosphate

NADPH takes a phosphate

73
Q

How many ATP and NADPH are used in step 2 of the Calvin cycle ?

A

6

74
Q

What is the name of stage 3 of the Calvin cycle ?

A

Regeneration

75
Q

Where do the six G3P go after stage two ?

A

1 goes to make glucose and 5 go to step 3 (regeneration)

76
Q

What happens in regeneration (stage 3) of the Calvin cycle ?

A

Three ATP and five G3P regenerate three RuBP

77
Q

What happens in C3 plants when they don’t have enough CO2 ?

A

Photorespiration

78
Q

What happens in photorespiration ?

A

Rubisco fixes oxygen

79
Q

Why is photorespiration a waste ?

A

No glucose is made

80
Q

When do CO2 levels drop ?

A

When stomata close due to hot and dry climates

81
Q

What happens in C4 plants ?

A

They fix CO2 into a 4 carbon compound and their stomata is partially closed during the day

82
Q

What happens in CAM plants ?

A

They open stomata at night and release carbon dioxide during day when their stomata are closed

Honors Biology 9 (4 decks)

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