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BIO > Photosynthesis (2.9 & HL) > Flashcards

Photosynthesis (2.9 & HL) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

process by which certain cells synthesize carbon compounds eg. Glucose from inorganic molecules (CO2 and H2O) in the presence of sunlight

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2
Q

Specialized plant cell adapted for Photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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3
Q

Photosynthetic pigment

A

Chlorophyll

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4
Q

Photosynthesis vs Cell respiration

A

-Photosynthesis uses light energy to create stored chemical energy
-This chemical energy is released in cell respiration

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5
Q

What is the visible light spectrum in nm?

A

400-700

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6
Q

What colours does Chlorophyll absorb?

A

Red and Blue

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7
Q

What colour does chlorophyll relfect?

A

Green

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8
Q

What is Chromatography?

A

Technique used to separate pigments

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9
Q

How does Chromatography work?

A

-Pigments are dissolved in fluid (fluid phase)
-Fluid is passed through static material (stationary phase)
-Pigments move at different speeds and hence separate

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10
Q

Formula for Retention factor of a pigment (RF)

A

Distance pigment travels/distance solvent travels

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11
Q

Draw the absorption spectrum of Chlorophyll A and B

A

0_0

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12
Q

Draw an action spectrum of Photosynthesis

A

0-0

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13
Q

What does light dependent reactions convert light energy into

A

Chemical energy (ATP)

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14
Q

Light independent reactions use ATP energy to synthesize

A

Carbon compounds

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15
Q

Where in the chloroplast does light dependent reactions occur?

A

in the thylakoid

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16
Q

What is photolysis?

A

breaking of Water in oxygen and hydrogen by light

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17
Q

Where in the chloroplast does light independent reactions occur?

A

Stroma

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18
Q

Light absorbed by chlorophyll results in

A

ATP

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19
Q

Summarize Light independent reaction process

A

-ATP and hydrogen (NADPH) are transferred to the stroma of the chloroplast
-Hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide to form complex organic molecules
-The ATP provides the energy required to power these anabolic reactions

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20
Q

Limiting factors on Photosynthesis rate

A

Temperature, Light intensity, CO2 concentration

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21
Q

Photosynthesis is controlled by which enzyme?

A

Rubisco

22
Q

Outline How temperature limits photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes
-Increasing temperature increase kinetic energy of enzyme (higher collisions)
-Thus photosynthesis will have an optimal temperature
-Higher temperature will denature the enzymes-lowering photosynthesis

23
Q

Outline How Light intensity limits photosynthesis

A

-Light is absorbed by chlorophyll and used to make ATP
-As intensity increases more chlorophyll is photo-activated
-After a certain point photosynthetic rate will plateau
-This is because the amount of chlorophyll is fixed.

24
Q

Outline how CO2 concentration limits photosynthesis

A

-Carbon dioxide is involved in the fixation of carbon atoms to form organic compounds
-More carbon dioxide means more carbon compounds are made (photosynthesis)
-After a certain point photosynthesis rate will plateau
-This is because all the enzymes responsible for carbon fixation (Rubisco) are occupied

25
Q

Photosynthesis Experiments

A

CO2 uptake
-can be measured by change in pH (co2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid)
Oxygen Production
-Can be measured by gas volume change (with a syringe) or via rate of bubbling
Biomass change
-Can be measured by determining changes in the dry weight of a plant

26
Q

Write me the equation of photosynthesis

A

:)

27
Q

Where does light dependent reactions take place?

A

Intermembrane spaces of thylakoids

28
Q

What is Light energy converted into in the thylokoids?

A

ATP + NADPH

29
Q

Outline the role of photosystems

A

-Photosynthetic plants rely on combined action of many pigments
-The pigments are clustered in groups called photosystems
-When a pigment is excited by light it will release electrons
-Adjacent electrons will transfer energized electrons to Chlorophyll A in the centre
-Energized electrons are then released from photosystems

30
Q

What does photosystem II do (P680)

A

Releases electron into an electron transport chain (makes ATP)

31
Q

What does photosystem I do (P700)

A

Releases electrons to reduce a hydrogen carrier (makes NADPH)

32
Q

How are protons pumped into the thylakoid lumen from the stoma?

A

-Electrons released from PSII enter into an electron transport chain
-The electrons lose energy as they are shuttled between electron carriers
-This energy is used to pump protons into the thylakoid lumen form the stroma

33
Q

Outline Photophosphorylation

A

-The build up of protons within the thylakoid lumen creates an electrochemical gradient
-The protons return to the stroma via a transmembrane enzyme called ATP synthase (chemiosmosis)
-This enzyme catalyzes ATP synthesis
-This formation of ATP is called photophosphorylation ( initial electron is excited by light)

34
Q

How is NADPH reduced ?

A

-Excited electron from photosystem I may be used to reduce NADP to NADPH
-This hydrogen carrier is required for the light independent reactions
-The electrons lost from PSI are replaced by de-energized electrons from PSII.

35
Q

How is lost electrons replaced in a light dependent reaction?

A

-electrons lost from PSI are replaced by the de-energized electrons from PSII
-Electrons lost from PSII are replaced by the photolysis of water

36
Q

what is non cyclic Photophosphorylation?

A

electrons not being recycled when PSI and PSII are used to make ATP and NADPH

37
Q

What is cyclic Photophosphorylation?

A

When only PSI is used to make ATP if its electrons are recycled (NADPH not produced)

38
Q

Why is Cyclic Photophosphorylation useful?

A

To generate stocks of ATP during daylight

39
Q

Where does the light independent reaction occur?

A

within the stroma of the chloroplast

40
Q

What does light independent reaction do?

A

Convert chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to carbon compounds

41
Q

Summarize the steps of the light independent reaction (Calvin cycle)

A

-Carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
-Reduction of glycerite 3 phosphate (GP)
-regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

42
Q

Outline the role of Rubisco

A

The Calvin cycle begins with the carboxylation of RuBP
-Rubisco catalyzes the attachment of carbon to RuBP (5C)
-The 6C compound formed is unstable and breaks down into two 3C
-Two 3C molecules are called GP

43
Q

How is GP reduced in the calvin cycle?

A

-GP is converted into an alternative 3C compound called triose phosphate (TP)
-this restructuring is mediated by ATP and NADPH

44
Q

What is compulsory for a light independent reaction?

A

ATP & NADPH

45
Q

How is RuBP regenerated in the Calvin cycle?

A

-One of the TP molecules is used to produce carbon compounds (Carbs)
-The remaining TP molecules are used to regenerate RuBP stocks (requires ATP)

46
Q

How many cycles of Calvin is required for one sugar?

A

dos, deux, two

47
Q

The bonk is the lollipop experiment?

A

The Calvin cycle was deduced in a lollipop shaped apparatus
-Radioactive carbon 14 incorporated into photosynthesizing green algae
-Algae killed at different time periods to stop photosynthesis at key points
-Samples analyzed to identify order in which carbon compounds are formed

48
Q

Draw and annotate chloroplast

A

6_9

49
Q

Structure of a Grana

A

Thylakoids are arranged into stacks to increase the SA:Vol ratio

50
Q

Structure of Thylakoid

A

Form flattened discs with a very small lumen for chemiosmosis

51
Q

What is the stroma

A

contains appropriate enzymes and suitable pH for Calvin cycle

BIO (9 decks)

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