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Photosynthesis (2.9 & HL) Flashcards

1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

process by which certain cells synthesize carbon compounds eg. Glucose from inorganic molecules (CO2 and H2O) in the presence of sunlight

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2
Q

Specialized plant cell adapted for Photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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3
Q

Photosynthetic pigment

A

Chlorophyll

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4
Q

Photosynthesis vs Cell respiration

A

-Photosynthesis uses light energy to create stored chemical energy
-This chemical energy is released in cell respiration

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5
Q

What is the visible light spectrum in nm?

A

400-700

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6
Q

What colours does Chlorophyll absorb?

A

Red and Blue

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7
Q

What colour does chlorophyll relfect?

A

Green

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8
Q

What is Chromatography?

A

Technique used to separate pigments

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9
Q

How does Chromatography work?

A

-Pigments are dissolved in fluid (fluid phase)
-Fluid is passed through static material (stationary phase)
-Pigments move at different speeds and hence separate

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10
Q

Formula for Retention factor of a pigment (RF)

A

Distance pigment travels/distance solvent travels

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11
Q

Draw the absorption spectrum of Chlorophyll A and B

A

0_0

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12
Q

Draw an action spectrum of Photosynthesis

A

0-0

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13
Q

What does light dependent reactions convert light energy into

A

Chemical energy (ATP)

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14
Q

Light independent reactions use ATP energy to synthesize

A

Carbon compounds

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15
Q

Where in the chloroplast does light dependent reactions occur?

A

in the thylakoid

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16
Q

What is photolysis?

A

breaking of Water in oxygen and hydrogen by light

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17
Q

Where in the chloroplast does light independent reactions occur?

A

Stroma

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18
Q

Light absorbed by chlorophyll results in

A

ATP

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19
Q

Summarize Light independent reaction process

A

-ATP and hydrogen (NADPH) are transferred to the stroma of the chloroplast
-Hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide to form complex organic molecules
-The ATP provides the energy required to power these anabolic reactions

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20
Q

Limiting factors on Photosynthesis rate

A

Temperature, Light intensity, CO2 concentration

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21
Q

Photosynthesis is controlled by which enzyme?

22
Q

Outline How temperature limits photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes
-Increasing temperature increase kinetic energy of enzyme (higher collisions)
-Thus photosynthesis will have an optimal temperature
-Higher temperature will denature the enzymes-lowering photosynthesis

23
Q

Outline How Light intensity limits photosynthesis

A

-Light is absorbed by chlorophyll and used to make ATP
-As intensity increases more chlorophyll is photo-activated
-After a certain point photosynthetic rate will plateau
-This is because the amount of chlorophyll is fixed.

24
Q

Outline how CO2 concentration limits photosynthesis

A

-Carbon dioxide is involved in the fixation of carbon atoms to form organic compounds
-More carbon dioxide means more carbon compounds are made (photosynthesis)
-After a certain point photosynthesis rate will plateau
-This is because all the enzymes responsible for carbon fixation (Rubisco) are occupied

25
Photosynthesis Experiments
CO2 uptake -can be measured by change in pH (co2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid) Oxygen Production -Can be measured by gas volume change (with a syringe) or via rate of bubbling Biomass change -Can be measured by determining changes in the dry weight of a plant
26
Write me the equation of photosynthesis
:)
27
Where does light dependent reactions take place?
Intermembrane spaces of thylakoids
28
What is Light energy converted into in the thylokoids?
ATP + NADPH
29
Outline the role of photosystems
-Photosynthetic plants rely on combined action of many pigments -The pigments are clustered in groups called photosystems -When a pigment is excited by light it will release electrons -Adjacent electrons will transfer energized electrons to Chlorophyll A in the centre -Energized electrons are then released from photosystems
30
What does photosystem II do (P680)
Releases electron into an electron transport chain (makes ATP)
31
What does photosystem I do (P700)
Releases electrons to reduce a hydrogen carrier (makes NADPH)
32
How are protons pumped into the thylakoid lumen from the stoma?
-Electrons released from PSII enter into an electron transport chain -The electrons lose energy as they are shuttled between electron carriers -This energy is used to pump protons into the thylakoid lumen form the stroma
33
Outline Photophosphorylation
-The build up of protons within the thylakoid lumen creates an electrochemical gradient -The protons return to the stroma via a transmembrane enzyme called ATP synthase (chemiosmosis) -This enzyme catalyzes ATP synthesis -This formation of ATP is called photophosphorylation ( initial electron is excited by light)
34
How is NADPH reduced ?
-Excited electron from photosystem I may be used to reduce NADP to NADPH -This hydrogen carrier is required for the light independent reactions -The electrons lost from PSI are replaced by de-energized electrons from PSII.
35
How is lost electrons replaced in a light dependent reaction?
-electrons lost from PSI are replaced by the de-energized electrons from PSII -Electrons lost from PSII are replaced by the photolysis of water
36
what is non cyclic Photophosphorylation?
electrons not being recycled when PSI and PSII are used to make ATP and NADPH
37
What is cyclic Photophosphorylation?
When only PSI is used to make ATP if its electrons are recycled (NADPH not produced)
38
Why is Cyclic Photophosphorylation useful?
To generate stocks of ATP during daylight
39
Where does the light independent reaction occur?
within the stroma of the chloroplast
40
What does light independent reaction do?
Convert chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to carbon compounds
41
Summarize the steps of the light independent reaction (Calvin cycle)
-Carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) -Reduction of glycerite 3 phosphate (GP) -regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
42
Outline the role of Rubisco
The Calvin cycle begins with the carboxylation of RuBP -Rubisco catalyzes the attachment of carbon to RuBP (5C) -The 6C compound formed is unstable and breaks down into two 3C -Two 3C molecules are called GP
43
How is GP reduced in the calvin cycle?
-GP is converted into an alternative 3C compound called triose phosphate (TP) -this restructuring is mediated by ATP and NADPH
44
What is compulsory for a light independent reaction?
ATP & NADPH
45
How is RuBP regenerated in the Calvin cycle?
-One of the TP molecules is used to produce carbon compounds (Carbs) -The remaining TP molecules are used to regenerate RuBP stocks (requires ATP)
46
How many cycles of Calvin is required for one sugar?
dos, deux, two
47
The bonk is the lollipop experiment?
The Calvin cycle was deduced in a lollipop shaped apparatus -Radioactive carbon 14 incorporated into photosynthesizing green algae -Algae killed at different time periods to stop photosynthesis at key points -Samples analyzed to identify order in which carbon compounds are formed
48
Draw and annotate chloroplast
6_9
49
Structure of a Grana
Thylakoids are arranged into stacks to increase the SA:Vol ratio
50
Structure of Thylakoid
Form flattened discs with a very small lumen for chemiosmosis
51
What is the stroma
contains appropriate enzymes and suitable pH for Calvin cycle

BIO (9 decks)

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