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Human Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Why do Antibiotics not affect eukaryotes?

A

Antibiotics only target prokaryotic metabolism that the eukaryotes lack, e.g. 70s ribosome, cell wall synthesis.

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2
Q

Why are viruses unaffected by antibiotics?

A

Viruses lack metabolisms as they take over other cells to reproduce. Viruses can be killed with anti virals

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3
Q

Where are the FSH and LH hormones secreted from?

A

The pituitary gland

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4
Q

Where are Estrogen and progesterone secreted from?

A

The ovary

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5
Q

What affects melatonin production?

A

Light stimuli

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6
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Maintain the circadian rhythm/sleep cycle

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7
Q

Where is thyroxine secreted from and what does it do?

A

Secreted from the thyroid gland and increases metabolic rate and heat. Thus body temperature

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8
Q

Where is Leptin secreted from and what does it do?

A

Secreted from the adipose tissue and suppresses appetite/satiety

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9
Q

Where is insulin secreted from and what does it do?

A

Secreted from the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels

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10
Q

Where is glucagon secreted from and what does it do?

A

Secreted from pancreas and increases blood glucose levels

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11
Q

What cell in the glucagon secreting gland produces glucagon?

A

Alpha cells in the pancreas

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12
Q

What cell in the insulin secreting gland produces insulin?

A

Beta cells in the pancreas

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13
Q

What gene on the Y chromosome determines sex?

A

The SRY gene (sex region on Y)

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14
Q

What protein does the SRY gene code for?

A

TDF protein (Testis determining factor)

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15
Q

What is the main male sex hormone?

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

What are the female sex hormones?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

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17
Q

where are testosterone secreted from?

A

Testis

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18
Q

What is testosterone responsible for in male development?

A

-Prenatal development of the male genitalia
-Sperm production (after puberty)
-Development of secondary male characteristics (deep voice, more muscle)
-Maintains male sex drive (libido)

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19
Q

What are estrogen and progesterone responsible for in female development?

A

-Prenatal development of female organs
-Regulation of the menstrual cycles (post-puberty)
-Development of secondary sex characteristics (Wider hips, breasts)

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20
Q

Do men produce Estrogen and Progesterone?

A

Yes. But in different amounts and for different functions then females

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21
Q

Outline the follicular Phase in the female menstrual cycle.

A

-FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland
-FSH promotes the growth of ovarian follicles
-A dominant follicle forms and secretes estrogen, which inhibits FSH secretion to prevent other follicles to form

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22
Q

Outline the Ovulation Phase in the female menstrual cycle

A

-LH is secreted by the pituitary gland
-Ruptures the dominant follicles and releases secondary oocytes
-Secondary oocytes travel down the oviduct (fallopian tube) to the uterus
-The ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum (makes estrogen and progesterone)

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23
Q

Outline the Luteal Phase in the female menstrual cycle

A

-The corpus luteum secretes Progesterone (and some estrogen)
-Progesterone promotes the thickening and development of the endometrium wall in the uterus. It also inhibits FSH & LH
-If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum fully degrades.
-The drop in progesterone causes the endometrium to be shed (menstruation)

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24
Q

What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?

A

An autoimmune disease. own body destroys beta cells in the pancreas that produces insulin.

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25
What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes?
An unhealthy lifestyle causes the body to be ineffective to insulin.
26
Why is Leptin injection not an effective tool for reducing obesity?
Most obesity patients have unresponsive leptin receptors and not a lack of leptin production.
27
Outline the process of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
-Drug taken to stop the secretion of FSH, LH, estrogen & Progesterone to allow docs to control the timing -FSH and LH are injected to stimulate follicles to develop and lead to superovulation (FSH given in higher amounts) -Eggs are mixed with sperm externally and incubated at 37 degrees centigrade. -If fertilization is successful then, egg is placed into the uterus as well as progesterone to maintain endometrium -If embryo implants onto endometrium, a normal pregnancy will follow
28
What is Aristotle's Soil and Seed theory?
Male "seed" mixed with menstrual blood. BOOM, Baby!
29
What did William Harvey theorize?
All life must come from eggs. He unsuccessfully searched the uterus of deer, though he did debunk the 'soil and seed theory'
30
What did William Harvey theorize?
All life must come from eggs. He unsuccessfully searched the uterus of deer, though he did debunk the 'soil and seed theory.'
31
Draw and label the diagrams of the male and female sex organs
Look it up lol
32
What does the refractory period in a nerve cell do?
Restores resting potential and keeps the propagation of nerve impulse unidirectional
33
Why are Neonicotinoids good pesticides?
They permanently bind to Acetylcholine receptors and cannot be broken down by acetylcholinesterase. Cause overstimulation and death.
34
What is Acetylcholine?
A neurotransmitter with both excitatory and inhibitory effects.
35
Give an example of the inhibitory action of acetylcholine
Decreases heart rate
36
Give an example of the excitatory action of acetylcholine
Muscle contraction
37
Outline the whole process of how action potential jumps between cells through the synaptic cleft.
-Action potential arrives at the axon terminal -Opens voltage-gated Calcium ion channels, and Calcium ions diffuse into the pre-synaptic neuron -triggers neurotransmitters to be released through exocytosis. -Neurotransmitter diffuses through the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron. -Opens sodium ion channels, and sodium ions diffuse into the neuron -The post-synaptic neuron reaches the threshold potential and triggers an action potential that propagates along the nerve -Neurotransmitters are rapidly broken down and removed from the cleft
38
What are synapses?
the junction between between two neurons
39
What is the Threshold potential?
The level required to open voltage-gated ion channels, -55mV
40
What is the resting potential?
-70mV
41
Outline local currents in a nerve cell
When a segment is depolarized, sodium ions diffuse into subsequent segments that are resting. this changes membrane potential to ~ -50mV and causes ion channels to open and trigger depolarization. Action potential spreads along the axon as a wave of depolarization.
42
what happens at depolarization?
Na ions influx
43
What happens at repolarization?
K ions efflux
44
What does myelin sheaths do?
Allows action potential to hop between the nodes of Ranvier. Results in an increased speed of electrical transmission (saltatory conduction)
45
What produces Myelin sheaths?
Schwan cells
46
What are neurons?
Specialized nerve cells that function to transmit electrical impulses.
47
Outline the three main types of neurons
Sensory, Motor, Relay
48
What is the skin's role in the immune system?
First barrier against infectious disease and secretes biochemical agents to inhibit microbial growth
49
What is the role of mucus in the immune system?
Traps pathogens
50
How is clotting initiated?
release of clotting factors by platelets (intrinsic) or damaged cells (extrinsic)
51
What does prothrombin do in coagulation cascade?
convert into thrombin
52
What does Thrombin do in coagulation cascade?
convert fibrinogen into fibrin
53
What does does platelets do at the site of injury?
become sticky and form a plug
54
What does "innate" immunity refer to?
It is non specific and non adaptive
55
What are the components of the innate immune system?
-Inflammation (opens the capillaries to recruit more white blood cells) -Phagocytosis (engulfment and destruction of pathogens by white blood cells) -Antimicrobial proteins (regulate immune activity via complement system) -Fever (increases body heat to suppress microbial growth)
56
What does "adaptive" immunity refer to?
Specific and adaptive
57
What are antibodies?
Released by lymphocytes to target specific antigens for pathogen removal
58
What do memory cells do?
Rapidly clone plasma cells if a pathogen carrying a specific antigen is reencountered.
59
What is the main component of the adaptive immune system?
lymphocytes
60
What does type 1 pneumocytes do?
Mediate gas exchange, reduces the diffusion distance (flat/squamous)
61
What does type 2 pneumocytes do?
Secretes pulmonary surfactant, prevents the walls of the alveoli from sticking together or collapsing. (cuboidal)
62
What does the diaphram do when inhaling?
contract
63
What does the diaphragm do when exhaling?
relax
64
Which intercostal muscle contracts during exhailation?
internal
65
What does the diaphragm do when inhaling?
contract
66
Causes of lung cancer?
smoking, genetics, radiation, pollution, disease
67
What causes Emphysema?
Smoking
68
What does Emphysema do?
Breaks down elastin fibers in the alveolar walls and reduces elasticity
69
What is another name for the tricuspid and bicuspid vales?
AV valves
70
What is another name for the Pulmonary and Aortic vales?
Semilunar valves
71
Function of capilaries?
material exchange
72
Function of arteries?
Blood away from the heart
73
Function of veins
Blood to the heart
74
Outline the types of capillaries
continuous , fenestrated, sinusoidal
75
What does the SA node do?
Causes the atria to contract and triggers the AV node
76
What does the AV node do?
Causes the ventricles to contract
77
Where is the AV node located?
Septum
78
What part of the body controls the heart rate?
Brainstem/medulla
79
Causes of CHD
Genetics, obesity, disease, diet, sex, smoking
80
Diameter of a Vein, Artery and Capilary
Wide, narrow, and very narrow
81
Walls of a Vein, Artery, and Capilary
Thin, thick, very thin
82
Pressure of a Vein, Artery and Capillary
Low, High, Low
83
Types of muscle contractions in the esophagus
Peristalsis and segmentation
84
Where are symbiotic bacteria found the digestive system?
Large Intestince
85
Where is amylase produced in the digestive system
Salivary gland & Pancreas
86
What does the Villi do?
Increase surface area for absorption
87
Outline the Digestive enzymes
Amylase, Lipase +Bile, Peptidases, Nucleases
88
What does Amylase break down?
Carbohydrates into monosaccharides
89
What does lipid break down?
Lipids into monoglycerides and fatty acids
90
What does Peptidases break down?
Protein into amino acids
91
What does nucleic acid break down?
Nucleic acid into Nucleotides
92
What enzyme does the stomach secrete?
Proteases
93
Where does the pancreas secrete the enzymes?
into the small intestine lumen
94
What did William Harvey (deer guy) discover about the blood system?
It is continuous and unidirectional

BIO (9 decks)

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