Human Phys Flashcards
Why do Antibiotics not affect eukaryotes?
Antibiotics only target prokaryotic metabolism that the eukaryotes lack, e.g. 70s ribosome, cell wall synthesis.
Why are viruses unaffected by antibiotics?
Viruses lack metabolisms as they take over other cells to reproduce. Viruses can be killed with anti virals
Where are the FSH and LH hormones secreted from?
The pituitary gland
Where are Estrogen and progesterone secreted from?
The ovary
What affects melatonin production?
Light stimuli
What does melatonin do?
Maintain the circadian rhythm/sleep cycle
Where is thyroxine secreted from and what does it do?
Secreted from the thyroid gland and increases metabolic rate and heat. Thus body temperature
Where is Leptin secreted from and what does it do?
Secreted from the adipose tissue and suppresses appetite/satiety
Where is insulin secreted from and what does it do?
Secreted from the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels
Where is glucagon secreted from and what does it do?
Secreted from pancreas and increases blood glucose levels
What cell in the glucagon secreting gland produces glucagon?
Alpha cells in the pancreas
What cell in the insulin secreting gland produces insulin?
Beta cells in the pancreas
What gene on the Y chromosome determines sex?
The SRY gene (sex region on Y)
What protein does the SRY gene code for?
TDF protein (Testis determining factor)
What is the main male sex hormone?
Testosterone
What are the female sex hormones?
Estrogen and Progesterone
where are testosterone secreted from?
Testis
What is testosterone responsible for in male development?
-Prenatal development of the male genitalia
-Sperm production (after puberty)
-Development of secondary male characteristics (deep voice, more muscle)
-Maintains male sex drive (libido)
What are estrogen and progesterone responsible for in female development?
-Prenatal development of female organs
-Regulation of the menstrual cycles (post-puberty)
-Development of secondary sex characteristics (Wider hips, breasts)
Do men produce Estrogen and Progesterone?
Yes. But in different amounts and for different functions then females
Outline the follicular Phase in the female menstrual cycle.
-FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland
-FSH promotes the growth of ovarian follicles
-A dominant follicle forms and secretes estrogen, which inhibits FSH secretion to prevent other follicles to form
Outline the Ovulation Phase in the female menstrual cycle
-LH is secreted by the pituitary gland
-Ruptures the dominant follicles and releases secondary oocytes
-Secondary oocytes travel down the oviduct (fallopian tube) to the uterus
-The ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum (makes estrogen and progesterone)
Outline the Luteal Phase in the female menstrual cycle
-The corpus luteum secretes Progesterone (and some estrogen)
-Progesterone promotes the thickening and development of the endometrium wall in the uterus. It also inhibits FSH & LH
-If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum fully degrades.
-The drop in progesterone causes the endometrium to be shed (menstruation)
What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?
An autoimmune disease. own body destroys beta cells in the pancreas that produces insulin.
What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes?
An unhealthy lifestyle causes the body to be ineffective to insulin.
Why is Leptin injection not an effective tool for reducing obesity?
Most obesity patients have unresponsive leptin receptors and not a lack of leptin production.
Outline the process of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
-Drug taken to stop the secretion of FSH, LH, estrogen & Progesterone to allow docs to control the timing
-FSH and LH are injected to stimulate follicles to develop and lead to superovulation (FSH given in higher amounts)
-Eggs are mixed with sperm externally and incubated at 37 degrees centigrade.
-If fertilization is successful then, egg is placed into the uterus as well as progesterone to maintain endometrium
-If embryo implants onto endometrium, a normal pregnancy will follow
What is Aristotle’s Soil and Seed theory?
Male “seed” mixed with menstrual blood. BOOM, Baby!
What did William Harvey theorize?
All life must come from eggs.
He unsuccessfully searched the uterus of deer, though he did debunk the ‘soil and seed theory’
What did William Harvey theorize?
All life must come from eggs.
He unsuccessfully searched the uterus of deer, though he did debunk the ‘soil and seed theory.’
Draw and label the diagrams of the male and female sex organs
Look it up lol
What does the refractory period in a nerve cell do?
Restores resting potential and keeps the propagation of nerve impulse unidirectional
Why are Neonicotinoids good pesticides?
They permanently bind to Acetylcholine receptors and cannot be broken down by acetylcholinesterase. Cause overstimulation and death.
What is Acetylcholine?
A neurotransmitter with both excitatory and inhibitory effects.
Give an example of the inhibitory action of acetylcholine
Decreases heart rate
Give an example of the excitatory action of acetylcholine
Muscle contraction
Outline the whole process of how action potential jumps between cells through the synaptic cleft.
-Action potential arrives at the axon terminal
-Opens voltage-gated Calcium ion channels, and Calcium ions diffuse into the pre-synaptic neuron
-triggers neurotransmitters to be released through exocytosis.
-Neurotransmitter diffuses through the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron.
-Opens sodium ion channels, and sodium ions diffuse into the neuron
-The post-synaptic neuron reaches the threshold potential and triggers an action potential that propagates along the nerve
-Neurotransmitters are rapidly broken down and removed from the cleft