Human Phys Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do Antibiotics not affect eukaryotes?

A

Antibiotics only target prokaryotic metabolism that the eukaryotes lack, e.g. 70s ribosome, cell wall synthesis.

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2
Q

Why are viruses unaffected by antibiotics?

A

Viruses lack metabolisms as they take over other cells to reproduce. Viruses can be killed with anti virals

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3
Q

Where are the FSH and LH hormones secreted from?

A

The pituitary gland

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4
Q

Where are Estrogen and progesterone secreted from?

A

The ovary

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5
Q

What affects melatonin production?

A

Light stimuli

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6
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Maintain the circadian rhythm/sleep cycle

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7
Q

Where is thyroxine secreted from and what does it do?

A

Secreted from the thyroid gland and increases metabolic rate and heat. Thus body temperature

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8
Q

Where is Leptin secreted from and what does it do?

A

Secreted from the adipose tissue and suppresses appetite/satiety

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9
Q

Where is insulin secreted from and what does it do?

A

Secreted from the pancreas and lowers blood glucose levels

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10
Q

Where is glucagon secreted from and what does it do?

A

Secreted from pancreas and increases blood glucose levels

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11
Q

What cell in the glucagon secreting gland produces glucagon?

A

Alpha cells in the pancreas

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12
Q

What cell in the insulin secreting gland produces insulin?

A

Beta cells in the pancreas

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13
Q

What gene on the Y chromosome determines sex?

A

The SRY gene (sex region on Y)

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14
Q

What protein does the SRY gene code for?

A

TDF protein (Testis determining factor)

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15
Q

What is the main male sex hormone?

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

What are the female sex hormones?

A

Estrogen and Progesterone

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17
Q

where are testosterone secreted from?

A

Testis

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18
Q

What is testosterone responsible for in male development?

A

-Prenatal development of the male genitalia
-Sperm production (after puberty)
-Development of secondary male characteristics (deep voice, more muscle)
-Maintains male sex drive (libido)

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19
Q

What are estrogen and progesterone responsible for in female development?

A

-Prenatal development of female organs
-Regulation of the menstrual cycles (post-puberty)
-Development of secondary sex characteristics (Wider hips, breasts)

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20
Q

Do men produce Estrogen and Progesterone?

A

Yes. But in different amounts and for different functions then females

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21
Q

Outline the follicular Phase in the female menstrual cycle.

A

-FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland
-FSH promotes the growth of ovarian follicles
-A dominant follicle forms and secretes estrogen, which inhibits FSH secretion to prevent other follicles to form

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22
Q

Outline the Ovulation Phase in the female menstrual cycle

A

-LH is secreted by the pituitary gland
-Ruptures the dominant follicles and releases secondary oocytes
-Secondary oocytes travel down the oviduct (fallopian tube) to the uterus
-The ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum (makes estrogen and progesterone)

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23
Q

Outline the Luteal Phase in the female menstrual cycle

A

-The corpus luteum secretes Progesterone (and some estrogen)
-Progesterone promotes the thickening and development of the endometrium wall in the uterus. It also inhibits FSH & LH
-If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum fully degrades.
-The drop in progesterone causes the endometrium to be shed (menstruation)

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24
Q

What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?

A

An autoimmune disease. own body destroys beta cells in the pancreas that produces insulin.

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25
Q

What is the cause of Type 2 diabetes?

A

An unhealthy lifestyle causes the body to be ineffective to insulin.

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26
Q

Why is Leptin injection not an effective tool for reducing obesity?

A

Most obesity patients have unresponsive leptin receptors and not a lack of leptin production.

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27
Q

Outline the process of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

-Drug taken to stop the secretion of FSH, LH, estrogen & Progesterone to allow docs to control the timing
-FSH and LH are injected to stimulate follicles to develop and lead to superovulation (FSH given in higher amounts)
-Eggs are mixed with sperm externally and incubated at 37 degrees centigrade.
-If fertilization is successful then, egg is placed into the uterus as well as progesterone to maintain endometrium
-If embryo implants onto endometrium, a normal pregnancy will follow

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28
Q

What is Aristotle’s Soil and Seed theory?

A

Male “seed” mixed with menstrual blood. BOOM, Baby!

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29
Q

What did William Harvey theorize?

A

All life must come from eggs.
He unsuccessfully searched the uterus of deer, though he did debunk the ‘soil and seed theory’

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30
Q

What did William Harvey theorize?

A

All life must come from eggs.
He unsuccessfully searched the uterus of deer, though he did debunk the ‘soil and seed theory.’

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31
Q

Draw and label the diagrams of the male and female sex organs

A

Look it up lol

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32
Q

What does the refractory period in a nerve cell do?

A

Restores resting potential and keeps the propagation of nerve impulse unidirectional

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33
Q

Why are Neonicotinoids good pesticides?

A

They permanently bind to Acetylcholine receptors and cannot be broken down by acetylcholinesterase. Cause overstimulation and death.

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34
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

A neurotransmitter with both excitatory and inhibitory effects.

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35
Q

Give an example of the inhibitory action of acetylcholine

A

Decreases heart rate

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36
Q

Give an example of the excitatory action of acetylcholine

A

Muscle contraction

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37
Q

Outline the whole process of how action potential jumps between cells through the synaptic cleft.

A

-Action potential arrives at the axon terminal
-Opens voltage-gated Calcium ion channels, and Calcium ions diffuse into the pre-synaptic neuron
-triggers neurotransmitters to be released through exocytosis.
-Neurotransmitter diffuses through the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron.
-Opens sodium ion channels, and sodium ions diffuse into the neuron
-The post-synaptic neuron reaches the threshold potential and triggers an action potential that propagates along the nerve
-Neurotransmitters are rapidly broken down and removed from the cleft

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38
Q

What are synapses?

A

the junction between between two neurons

39
Q

What is the Threshold potential?

A

The level required to open voltage-gated ion channels, -55mV

40
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

-70mV

41
Q

Outline local currents in a nerve cell

A

When a segment is depolarized, sodium ions diffuse into subsequent segments that are resting. this changes membrane potential to ~ -50mV and causes ion channels to open and trigger depolarization. Action potential spreads along the axon as a wave of depolarization.

42
Q

what happens at depolarization?

A

Na ions influx

43
Q

What happens at repolarization?

A

K ions efflux

44
Q

What does myelin sheaths do?

A

Allows action potential to hop between the nodes of Ranvier. Results in an increased speed of electrical transmission (saltatory conduction)

45
Q

What produces Myelin sheaths?

A

Schwan cells

46
Q

What are neurons?

A

Specialized nerve cells that function to transmit electrical impulses.

47
Q

Outline the three main types of neurons

A

Sensory, Motor, Relay

48
Q

What is the skin’s role in the immune system?

A

First barrier against infectious disease and secretes biochemical agents to inhibit microbial growth

49
Q

What is the role of mucus in the immune system?

A

Traps pathogens

50
Q

How is clotting initiated?

A

release of clotting factors by platelets (intrinsic) or damaged cells (extrinsic)

51
Q

What does prothrombin do in coagulation cascade?

A

convert into thrombin

52
Q

What does Thrombin do in coagulation cascade?

A

convert fibrinogen into fibrin

53
Q

What does does platelets do at the site of injury?

A

become sticky and form a plug

54
Q

What does “innate” immunity refer to?

A

It is non specific and non adaptive

55
Q

What are the components of the innate immune system?

A

-Inflammation (opens the capillaries to recruit more white blood cells)
-Phagocytosis (engulfment and destruction of pathogens by white blood cells)
-Antimicrobial proteins (regulate immune activity via complement system)
-Fever (increases body heat to suppress microbial growth)

56
Q

What does “adaptive” immunity refer to?

A

Specific and adaptive

57
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Released by lymphocytes to target specific antigens for pathogen removal

58
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

Rapidly clone plasma cells if a pathogen carrying a specific antigen is reencountered.

59
Q

What is the main component of the adaptive immune system?

A

lymphocytes

60
Q

What does type 1 pneumocytes do?

A

Mediate gas exchange, reduces the diffusion distance (flat/squamous)

61
Q

What does type 2 pneumocytes do?

A

Secretes pulmonary surfactant, prevents the walls of the alveoli from sticking together or collapsing. (cuboidal)

62
Q

What does the diaphram do when inhaling?

A

contract

63
Q

What does the diaphragm do when exhaling?

A

relax

64
Q

Which intercostal muscle contracts during exhailation?

A

internal

65
Q

What does the diaphragm do when inhaling?

A

contract

66
Q

Causes of lung cancer?

A

smoking, genetics, radiation, pollution, disease

67
Q

What causes Emphysema?

A

Smoking

68
Q

What does Emphysema do?

A

Breaks down elastin fibers in the alveolar walls and reduces elasticity

69
Q

What is another name for the tricuspid and bicuspid vales?

A

AV valves

70
Q

What is another name for the Pulmonary and Aortic vales?

A

Semilunar valves

71
Q

Function of capilaries?

A

material exchange

72
Q

Function of arteries?

A

Blood away from the heart

73
Q

Function of veins

A

Blood to the heart

74
Q

Outline the types of capillaries

A

continuous , fenestrated, sinusoidal

75
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

Causes the atria to contract and triggers the AV node

76
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

Causes the ventricles to contract

77
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Septum

78
Q

What part of the body controls the heart rate?

A

Brainstem/medulla

79
Q

Causes of CHD

A

Genetics, obesity, disease, diet, sex, smoking

80
Q

Diameter of a Vein, Artery and Capilary

A

Wide, narrow, and very narrow

81
Q

Walls of a Vein, Artery, and Capilary

A

Thin, thick, very thin

82
Q

Pressure of a Vein, Artery and Capillary

A

Low, High, Low

83
Q

Types of muscle contractions in the esophagus

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

84
Q

Where are symbiotic bacteria found the digestive system?

A

Large Intestince

85
Q

Where is amylase produced in the digestive system

A

Salivary gland & Pancreas

86
Q

What does the Villi do?

A

Increase surface area for absorption

87
Q

Outline the Digestive enzymes

A

Amylase, Lipase +Bile, Peptidases, Nucleases

88
Q

What does Amylase break down?

A

Carbohydrates into monosaccharides

89
Q

What does lipid break down?

A

Lipids into monoglycerides and fatty acids

90
Q

What does Peptidases break down?

A

Protein into amino acids

91
Q

What does nucleic acid break down?

A

Nucleic acid into Nucleotides

92
Q

What enzyme does the stomach secrete?

A

Proteases

93
Q

Where does the pancreas secrete the enzymes?

A

into the small intestine lumen

94
Q

What did William Harvey (deer guy) discover about the blood system?

A

It is continuous and unidirectional