Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO > Cell Respiration (2.8 & 8.2) > Flashcards

Cell Respiration (2.8 & 8.2) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Cell Respiration?

A

Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds (principally glucose) to produce ATP within cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do organic molecules (glucose) store energy?

A

Within chemical bonds where the energy is not readily accessible to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ATP’s Function

A
  • Immediate energy source (readily accessible)
  • considered energy currency of cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ATP Structure

A
  • It consists of a nucleoside linked to three phosphates via high energy bonds
  • When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP (+ Pi ), the energy contained is released for use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anerobic Respiration (summary)

A

Partial breakdown of organic molecules for a small ATP yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Aerobic Respiration (summary)

A

Complete breakdown of organic molecules for a large ATP yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anarobic respiration (description)

A
  • Partial breakdown of organic molecules for a small ATP yield (x2 ATP)
  • Done through glycolysis
  • Turns glucose into x2 pyruvate
  • net gain of x2 ATP
  • oxidized carrier molecules (NAD+) are reduced to form two hydrogen carrier molecules (NADH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aerobic Respiration (description)

A
  • Complete breakdown of organic molecules for a large ATP yield
  • Requires oxygen and occurs in the mitochondria
  • Hydrogen carriers are made in large quantities
  • These hydrogen carriers (NADH) are used to
    produce significant amounts of ATP (net = 36)
    via the process of oxidative phosphorylation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anaerobic vs Aerobic (reactants)

A

Anaerobic = glucose
Aerobic = glucose and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anaerobic vs Aerobic (combustion)

A

Anaerobic = partial
Aerobic = complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anaerobic vs Aerobic (energy yield)

A

Anaerobic = x2 ATP
Aerobic = x36 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Anaerobic vs Aerobic (products)

A

Anaerobic = pyruvate
Aerobic = CO2 and H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anaerobic vs Aerobic (location)

A

Anaerobic = cytosol
Aerobic = cytosol and mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fermentation

A

Fermentation involves the reversible conversion of pyruvate into intermediate
forms via the oxidation of hydrogen carrier molecules (under anaerobic conditions)
- This restores stocks of the precursor (NAD+), allowing glycolysis to continue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fermentation (Animals)

A
  • In animals (including humans), fermentation converts pyruvate into lactic acid
  • A build-up of lactic acid (lactate) within muscle tissue leads to muscle fatigue (when excercising)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fermentation (Plants and Yeast)

A
  • In plants and yeasts, pyruvate is fermented to form ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • Ethanol is used in alcoholic beverages while CO2 causes leavening in bread
17
Q

Energy Conversions

A
  • Chemical energy can be released through cell respiration
  • energy can be converted into immediate ATP energy
  • energy can be converted into a transitional source (Hydrogen carriers)
18
Q

Redox

A
  • Reduction is a gain in hydrogen and electrons or a loss of oxygen
  • Oxidation is a loss in hydrogen and electrons or a gain of oxygen
19
Q

Aerobic Respiration stages

A

Aerobic Respiration: It releases energy stored within hydrogen carriers for a greater ATP yield

  • Glycolysis – Carbohydrates are partially broken down anaerobically
  • Link Reaction – Products are transferred to the mitochondria
  • Krebs Cycle – Products are completely broken down (⬆︎ hydrogen carriers)
  • Electron Transport Chain – ATP produced from hydrogen carriers
20
Q

Key events of Glycolysis

A

Glycolysis: glucose (6C) is broken down into two pyruvate molecules (3C)

  • ATP expenditure – Glucose is phosphorylated by two ATP
  • Lysis – The phosphorylated molecule is split into two
  • Oxidation – The two triose phosphates are oxidized
  • Hydrogen carriers formed – Two NADH molecules released
  • ATP production – Four ATP molecules formed (net gain = 2)
21
Q

Key events of Link Reaction

A

Link Reaction: connects anaerobic process in the cytoplasm (glycolysis) with the anaerobic events in the mitochondria

  • Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix
  • Pyruvate is oxidized to produce a reduced hydrogen carrier (NADH)
  • Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form an acetyl compound (CO2 is produced)
  • The acetyl compound is attached to coenzyme A (to form acetyl CoA)
22
Q

Key events of Krebs Cycle

A

Krebs cycle: series of oxidation and decarboxylation that occur in the mitochondrial matrix

  • Acetyl CoA combines with a 4C compound to make a 6C compound
  • The 6C compound is broken back down into the original 4C compound
  • This involves the formation of ATP (1 per cycle) and carbon dioxide (2 per cycle)
  • It also produces a large amount of hydrogen carriers (3 NADH + 1 FADH2 per cycle)
23
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  • Hydrogen carriers produced by prior reactions (glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle) are transported to the mitochondrial cristae (i.e. the inner mitochondrial membrane)
  • This is the location of the electron transport chain (and ATP synthase)
24
Q

Establishing a Proton Gradient

A
  • Hydrogen carriers transfer high energy electrons to the electron transport chain
  • The electrons lose energy as they are shuttled between electron carriers
    which is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space (from matrix)
25
Q

Chemiosmosis

A
  • The build up of protons within the intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient
  • The protons return to the matrix via a transmembrane enzyme called ATP synthase (catalyzes ATP synthesis)
  • This formation of ATP is called oxidative phosphorylation because it was coupled to oxidation of hydrogen carriers
26
Q

Role of Oxygen in Aerobic Respiration

A
  • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to proceed
  • Oxygen is final proton acceptor in e- transport chain (de-energized e- must be removed)
  • Oxygen also binds to hydrogen ions in the matrix to maintain a proton gradient (chemiosmosis requires a higher proton concentration in intermembrane space)
  • Oxygen combines with the electrons and protons to form water molecules
27
Q

Mitochondrion Role

A

The mitochondrion is the organelle responsible for aerobic respiration and has a
highly specialized structure in order to best perform this function

28
Q

Mitochondrion 4 Structural features and their function

A
  • Cristae – The inner membrane is highly folded to increase the SA:Vol ratio (the inner membrane is the site of the electron transport chain)
  • Intermembrane Space – There is a very small space between the membranes (maximizes the gradient upon proton accumulation)
  • Matrix – Contains appropriate enzymes and suitable pH for the Krebs cycle
  • Outer membrane – Contains transport proteins for the shuttling of pyruvate
29
Q

Electron Tomography Description

A

Electron tomography models internal structures of cells by generating images at different angles with TEM and then compiling a 3D representation

30
Q

What does Electron Tomography produce?

A
  • The intermembrane space is shown to be a consistent width throughout a mitochondrion
  • Cristae are shown to be continuous infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane

BIO (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions