photosynthesis

Question 1

function of chloroplast

Answer 1

.site of photo
.absorb light energy to drive photo
.convert light energy into chemical energy

Question 2

structure of chloroplast

Answer 2

.thylakoids- flattened sacs that contain pigments like chlorophyll where ligh dependent reactions occur

.grana- stacks of thylakoids

.stroma- fluid surrounding thylakoids where light-independent reaction occure

Question 3

chlorophyll a

Answer 3

absorbs red and blue
reflects green

Question 4

photosystem

Answer 4

cluster of pigments in thylakoids

Question 5

Rf

Answer 5

dist of pigment/dist of solvent

Question 6

non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Answer 6

.light energy is absorbed by pigments
.this excites electrons in the pigments in PSI and PSII
.electrons are lost from the pigments
.electrons are transferred to an electron carrier
.electrons are passed along electron transport chain releasing energy as they go
.electron from PSII replaces lost electron from PSI

photolysis of water:

.light is used to split water into electrons, protons and oxygen
.the electrons replace the ones lost from PSII
.protons are used for ATP production and combine with electrons to reduce NADP
.oxygen is released as a by product

chemiosmosis generating ATP and reduced NADP:

.energy lost by electrons along the electron transport chain is used to pump protons across the thylakoid membrane into the thylakoid space
.this produces a proton gradient, where they are in a higher concentration in the thylakoid space
.The protons then diffuse through ATP synthase into the stroma.
.This movement powers ATP synthase to produce ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate
.NADP takes up protons and electrons from PSI in the stroma and is reduced
.Reduced NADP is carried into the light-independent reaction.

Question 7

cyclic photophosphortlation

Answer 7

.light is absorbed by pigments and excites electrons in PSI
.electrons are lost from pigments in PSI
.electron are transferred into an electron carrier and passed along the electron transport chain releasing energy
.the energy powers active proton transport across the thylakoid membrane from the stroma into the thylakoid space
.ATP is produced as proton flow back into stoma via ATP synthase
.electrons are returned to PSI so no NASD is reduced

Question 8

reactants and products of light-independent reaction

Answer 8

CO2 , ATP and reduced NADP

glucose and other organic molecules

Question 9

carbon fixation(LIR)

Answer 9

.CO2 reacts with RuBP to form a 6C compound
.the 6C compound splits into 2 GP
.catalysed by rubisco

Question 10

reduction of GP (LIR)

Answer 10

.GP is reduced into TP
.using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP
.requires protons and electrons from reduced NADP to is oxidised to form NADP
.NADP that is reformed returns to the LDR to be reduced again

Question 11

regeneration of RuBP (LIR)

Answer 11

.most TP is used to regenerate RuBP using ATP
.rest of TP is used to make other organic molecules

Question 12

how many turns of calvin cycle are need to make one glucose

Answer 12

6