cloning and biotechnology Flashcards
what is asexual reproduction
.production of offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
.dosen’t involve fusion of gamete and produces clones
.only 1 parent
what is vegetative propagation
.asexual reproduction where a new genetical identical individuals develop from non-reproductive tissues of a parent plant(e.g. roots, stems and leaves)
what is the method of rhizomes
.specialised horizontal underground stems store food and produce new vertical shoots and roots from buds on nodes along the rhizomes
e.g. marram grass uses it
what is the method for stolons
horizontal stems that grown along the soil surface away from the parent plant with nodes or stem tips that root to form a new plant
e.g. strawberries
what is the method for suckers
shoot that emerge from the shallow root buds of the parrent plant
e.g. elm trees
what is the method for tuber
form whent the tip of a stem becomes swollen with food
.buds on the tuber surface can develop into new shoots
e.g. potatoes
what is the method for bulbs
.form when a leaf base becomes swollen with food
.bus inside the bulb can form new shoots
e.g. daffodil
how to artificially propagate plants from stem cuttings
.cut a 5-10cm piece from the end of the parent plant’s stem using a sterile tool
.remove lower leaves leaving only one leaf at the top
.dip the cut end in rooting powder(contains plant growth hormones)
.plant the cutting in a suitable medium e.g. compost
.place in warm moist condition to promote root development
.once rooted = transplant the clone
how to artificially propagate plants from root cuttings
take a section of root and make an angled cut on one end
.treat it like with the stem cutting
how to artificially propagate plants from leaf cuttings
.remove an entire leaf
.score the veins and place in a growing medium with scored veins facing down
benefits for vegetative propagation
.fast, high yield, cheap, maintains quality due to same genetics
drawbacks to vegetative propagation
.results in a lack of genetic variation
.plants more susceptible to diseases
what is micropropagation
.technique used to produce multiple identical plant clones from a single parent
.this is done via tissue culture
what is a tissue culture
.growing plant tissues in a sterile medium enriched by hormones e.g. auxins and cytokinins
what is the process for creating a tissue culture
.explants are taken from the root tips or stem of the parent plant as they have meristem cells
.explants are sterilised to remove and inhibit the growth of contaminants like bactetria or fungi
.this reduces the risk of widespread infection and helps produce healthier crops
.the sterilised explant cell are cultured on the nutrient-rich medium
.cells in each explant divide to form an undifferentiated mass of cells called callus
.callus cells are transferred to a new medium with specific conditions to encourage shoot and root formation
.callus cells then differentiate into plantlets
.fully formed plantlets are moved to a growth medium e.g. soil
.there they develop into mature plants which are identical to the parent plant
what are the uses of micropropagtion
.it can rapidly grow to a large scale rare or endangered plants
.can produce disease-free clones of crops
.can mass produce genetically modified plants
.can produce seedless plants
what are the advantages for micropropagation
.reliable inheritance of traits = high yields
.can be carried out at any time of year
.rapidly produce a large num of mature plants in a space efficient area
what are the disadvantages for micropropagation
.more vulnerable to disease and environmental changes
.could unintenionally propagate undesirable traits
.expensive and requires skilled workers
.explants and plantlets are vulnerable to infection
what is natural animal cloning
when animals produce genetically identical offspring using asexual reproduction
what is natural cloning for invertebrates
.they undergo regeneration or fragmentation forming new genetically identical offspring
what is natural cloning for vertebrates
.when an early embryo splits into two genetically identical embryo
.this forms monozygotic tiwn
what is artificial embryo twinning
.when a early embryo is manually split separating the cells before they start to differentiate
.this produces multiple identical offspring from a single embryo
what is the process of artificial twinning
.the female is treated with hormones to produce multiple egg cells
.the egg cells are extracted and fertilised in a petri dish to produce an embryo
.the embryo divides into several cells and while the cells are still totipotet the embryo is split
.each cell is placed into its own petri dish to develop into individual embryos
.the embryos are implanted into the uteruses of surrogate mothers for development
.this results in the birth of genetically identical animal clones
