Animal Responses Flashcards
parts of the NS
CNS and PNS
CNS
.brain and spinal cord
PNS
.all nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
parts of PNS
somatic and autonomic NS
SomaticNS
.controlled voluntary
.voluntary muscle movements
autonomic NS
.controlled subconsciously
.involuntary activites e.g. heartbeat and digestion
autonomicNS parts
sympatheticNS
parasympatheticNS
sympatheticNS
.activates fight or flight
.increases activity levels
.uses adrenaline and noradrenaline
parasympathetic NS
.activates rest and digest response
.decreases activity levels
.use acetycholine
hypothalamus
.just below the middle part
.regulates body temp by sensing changes and initiating responses e.g. sweating/shivering
.monitors and regulates the conc of water and glucose in blood
.regulates hormone secrection from pituitary gland
cerebrum
.top part of brain
.processes sensory input e.g vision and hearing
.involved in learining, memory and higher-level thinking
pituitary gland
.below hypothalamus
.produces, stores and secretes hormones
medulla oblongata
.stem part
.regulates breathing, heart and blood pressure
.controls autonomic NS functions
cerebellum
.under cerebrum
.coordinates skeletal muscle contractions
.maintains posture, balance and involuntary muscular movement
stages of a reflex arc
.stimulus to sensory to relay to motor to effector then response
knee-jerk reflex
.spinal reflex that causes leg to kick when tapped just below the knee
.helps maintain posture and balance
what makes reflex arcs important
.they are involuntary
.rapid
.protective
.innate
skeletal muscle
.muscles attached to bones to move parts of the body
cardiac muscle
muscles in the heart that circulates blood
smooth muscle
.in walls of hollow organs
.moves substances through organs
differences between the muscle types
.skeletal and cardiac are striated and smooth isnt
.cardiac and smooth have multiple nuclei per fibre and skeletal only has one
.cardiac and smooth are involuntary muscles and skeletal is voluntary
.skeletal and smooth are neurogenic whereas cardiac is myogenic
key components of skeletal muscle
.sarcolemma - cell-surface membrane
.sarcoplasm- cytoplasm
.T tubules- extensions of sarcolemma that transmit electrical signals to ensure that the whole muscle contracts simultaneously
.sarcoplasmic reticulum- ER that stores and releases Ca2+
.myofibrils- subcellular structure designed for contraction
.multiple nuclei- as many cells form to make one fibre
.many mito - to release energy for muscle contraction
structure of myofibrils
.core of the muscle fibre and contain organised bundles of protein filaments
structure of sacromere
.repeat to form myofibrils
.myosin filaments- thick filaments composed of long rod shape and heads that project to the side
.actin filament- thin filament consisting of two strands twisted around each other
sections of sarcomere
.A band = dark band where myosin and actin filaments are
.I band = light band where actin filaments are
.z lines = boundaries of a sarcomere unit
.m line = central line of sarcomere
.H zone = lighter part of A band where only myosin filament is
myosin filament
.hinge for movement
.globular head for binding to actin and ATP(contains 2heads)
actin filament
.actin-myosin binding site for the myosin head
.tropomyosin and troponin proteins are attached to regulate the binding
changes to sarcomere during contraction
.I band and H zone shorten due to increased overlap of actin and myosin filaments
.A band remains the same size
sliding filament theory
.Ca2+ bind to troponin altering its shape
.this moves tropomyosin away from actins binding site making it available for myosin
.myosin heads attach to exposed actin filaments forming actin-myosin cross bridges
.myosin performs a power stroke pulling the actin filament along releasing ADP
.ATP binds to myosin head causing it to detach from actin
.Ca2+ activates ATPase breaking down ATP into ADP and phosphate releasing energy
.the energy resets the myosin head to its original positon
energy resources for muscle contraction
.aerobic respiration
.anaerobic respiration
.ATP-creatine phosphate system
neuromuscular junction
.where motor neurone meets skeletal muscle
.distributed along the muscle so it all contracts at the same time
stages of neuromuscular transmission
.AP arrives at the end of neurone
.triggers opening of Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ enters neurone
.causes acetycholine vesicles to release their contents into the synaptic cleft
.acetycholine diffuses through the cleft
.acetycholine binds to receptors on sarcolemma leading to opening of sodium ion channels
.results in depolarisation of the sarcolemma
role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction
.depolarisation into muscle fibre through T-tubules
.tubules intereact with sarcoplasmic reticulum causing Ca2+ channels to open
